Symbolism in a Life Journey Essay Example for Free

Symbolism in a Life Journey EssayIn the twain rook stories, A Worn Path by Eudora Welty and I Used to resilient here at once by Jean Rhys, Symbolism within their Journey is used to give away an experience in life. The two authors use very similar methods to tell their story as well as journeys with their life. They were both written in ternion person point of view, and focus on the journey of a woman. A Worn Path and I Used to have it away Here Once both involve a main reference work, in both it is a woman, and other characters along with symbols and setting that help draw out traits of the main character and add meaning to the theme as their journey unfolds. charm I Used to die Here Once is to the highest degree someone past final stage already, A Worn Path is similar in that genus genus capital of Arizona is fighting old age and death. A motif will to a fault describe two opposing forces the battle between good and evil. The writing styles of Eudora Welty and Jea n Rhys will be compared to one another in order to take a close-hauled look at what methods and styles were used to convey meaning in their stories. Basic information about the two authors will as well as be covered in order to give some back ground to each story.The back ground of an author household give a reader an idea about what they may have been seeing, or experiencing in life when they wrote the story. Eudora Welty was born on April 13, 1909 in Jackson, disseminated multiple sclerosis. Welty went to multiple Universities such as Mississippi College for Women and the University of Wisconsin where she studied English Literature. She also studied advertising at Columbia University in New York. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and was the first living author to have her work print with the Library of America.She was also a Pulitzer Prize-winning author, on top of won Guggenheim Fellowships. (MDAH, 2003). Her short story, A Worn Path was published in 1941 a nd was known and one of her greatest works. A Worn Path is a short story involving an elderly black woman, Phoenix Jackson, and her journey through the woods to get medicine for her depressed grandson. Her grandson had sw on the wholeowed lye a few years prior. The author uses setting and character to give the reader an understanding of the story. Throughout her journey she experiences many obstacles that may deter her from go on on her journey into townspeople.Phoenixs sacrificial passionateness shines, when she faces these with bravery and wisdom and continues on her way. In the story A Worn Path Phoenix is one that endures many challenges. She is a symbol of perseverance, stamina, and life when faced with hardship and struggle. The story has a mythological tone to it. A Phoenix is an sacred Egyptian bird that symbolizes resurrection. A Phoenix is also a symbol for great longevity, and rebirth (Ferber, 1999). According to Ferber, It back tooth also symbolize the death and resu rrection of Christ or of a Christian soul. cited in Ferber, 1999). Phoenix, according to our text, symbolizes renewal and her blue aged eyes, age symbolizes peacefulness. (cited in Clugston, 2010). The story is set during the Christmas season and has some Christian symbolism as well. Her selfless(prenominal) devotedness to her grandson can be interpreted as representing the true spirit of giving and sacrificial love. Christmas is the birth of the sun out of darkness (Ferber, 1999). akin(predicate) to Phoenix, Christmas is a symbol for birth, the birth of Christ. Within A Worn Path at that place is also a lot of symbols for death.When Phoenix makes it through the barbed-wire, she regains safe, but ironically is surrounded by symbols of death Big dead trees, like black men with one arm. (cited in Clugston, 2010, A Worn Path, paragraph 16). She also sees a buzzard, which a symbol of death (buzzards, eats the dead). As she continues along her journey, she passes through dead corn, and even believes to see a tinge. Phoenix responds, who be you the ghost of? For I have heard of nary death close by. (cited in Clugston, 2010, A Worn Path, paragraph 23). Many of the symbols throughout the story can be obvious, but many are not.Not only Phoenix being an elder lady, but many other things points to Phoenix living through slavery. One example is the symbolism of the marble prevention. After she crosses the creek and sits down, she notices a boy who looks to be offering her a slice of marble-cake on a plate. However, when Phoenix reached for the cake, she pulld she was just grabbing at the air. The marble-cake could be a symbol of a future with no racism because of the two colors swirled together within the cake black and white. In her old age she is also in touch with nature. There are many times she talks to the animals.She yells out, Out of my way all you foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbits, coons and whild animal Keep out from under these feet, little bob-whites . Keep the bi wild hogs out of my path. Dont let none of those ejaculate running my direction . I got a long way. (cited in Clugston, 2010). The elderly Phoenix Jackson has a great amount of love for her grandson. The story emphasizes her devotion and love to the little boy because she never stopped or turned around when faced with a problem. Many points throughout her journey, she stops and speaks to herself in short bursts on monologue, almost as a pep talk to herself.One conflict Phoenix encounters is after falling into a ditch, a hunter helps her out, time his dog chases the other dog off. When the hunter is dealing with the dogs, Phoenix picks up a nickel that he had dropped. He then tells her to go home, because walking into town was to far for her. She refuses to listen and tells the hunter that she set out to go to town, and that is where she is going to go. The hunter points his gun at her, and she stood straight up and faced him (cited in Clugston, 2010, A Worn Path, par agraph 51). Surprisingly, she was not s gondolaed.When he seen she wasnt nervous, he asked if the gun scared her and she replied No, sir, I seen plenty go off closer by, in my day, and for less than what I done, (cited in Clugston, 2010, A Worn Path, paragraph 53). A Worn Path shows the love and devotion that a grandmother has towards her grandchild(ren). It shows how a person can be undaunted by the various problems that they may encounter in there walk through life. It also touches on the racism issue that has plagued Mississippi for several generations. It shows the poverty of the elderly woman.The story describes the elderly womans devotion to her grandson in fine detail. Jean Rhys birth name was Gwendolyn Rees Williams. Rhys was born in the West Indies, in Roseau, Dominica on August 24, 1890. She completed schooling in England while living with her aunt. She later got married and lived in Europe. She had multiples failed marriages, as well as a son that died at a young age, as well as a daughter. Jean Rhys later died in Exeter, England on may 14, 1979 (Savory, 1998). While attending school in England she was constantly teased because of her accent and because she was considered an outsider.Her parents wanted her to return to the Caribbean and she refused. She worked as a chorus girl using the names Vivienne, Emma, or Ella Gray. During her life she experienced several problems. She had a son that died young, a daughter, and was married three times with none of the marriages going well. Jean Rhys died in Exeter, England on May 14, 1979 (Savory, 1998) Rhys writing were supported by a famous English author Ford Maddox Ford. Many of her writings reflected mistreated and helpless females from when she was growing up.She was also dealt with depression and faced many trials and tribulations that contributed to her work. While living in England, Rhys may have dealt with issues of feeling out of place. She was teased and picked on because of her accent. This coul d have led her to also feel like she is stuck in between two worlds similar to what her character in I Used to Live Here Once did. Jean Rhys short story, I Used to Live Here Once, was published in 1979. The author uses setting and character throughout the story. The story speaks of a woman visiting her old home. She visits the pond, describing each stone in detail.She then sees children playing and attempts to interact with them, although they do not respond. In the end, the use of characters helps conclude the story, showing the narrators view was from beyond death. When the woman approached the house she felt excited and noticed that some things were missing or were still there just like she remembered when she lived there. She started to feel strange when she noticed a car parked in front of the house (Clugston, 2010). When the woman gets to the house there are two white children playing and she attempts to tell them that she had lived there once.She said how-do-you-do to the ch ildren three times (Clugston, 2010). The children didnt acknowledge her. In the end, the main question is why the children ignored her. It seems like the woman is a ghost and did not realize it. Jean Rhys did not have a very strong attachment to where she grew up. Dominica was still somewhat important to her throughout her life because she often wrote about it in her work. While she was living in Dominica, she was cut off from the Creole community. Maybe she was writing herself into the story to show how she felt disconnected throughout her life.She was close exuberant to the children that she could have touched them. She stretched her arms out wanting to touch them. The young boy turned with his gray eyes and looked straight into her eyes. He said, hasnt it at rest(p) cold all of a sudden (cited in Clugston, 2010, I Used to Live Here Once, Paragraph 8). He suggested to the little girl that they go privileged the house and she agreed. When the author mentions cold, this is a clue that the character is dealing with life after death. Many people say, when there is a ghost around, it is cold.As the woman watched the children run over the grass to the house she dropped her arms to her sides. The story ends with the statement that was the first time she knew (cited in Clugston, 2010, I Used to Live Here Once, Paragraph 11). That statement alone gives the impression that she is either dead and has just realized it and she feels very alienated. Throughout the story, there are several subtle hints that ask the reader to think the woman is dead. The two short stories that were written by Eudora Welty A Worn Path and by Jean Rhys I Used to Live Here Once both show the symbolism of a journey through life.Eudora Welty goes into fine detail in describing the elderly womans love and devotion for her grandson in A Worn Path. Jean Rhys uses the experiences and feelings that she has had in her life to set the mood in her story I Used to Live Here Once. The two authors use very similar methods in telling their stories. Both women use the experience of a journey as a symbol of their life experience. Throughout these two stories, multiple symbols are used to explain both life and death. In A Worn Path Phoenix is an elderly women who has lived a life of wisdom and experience.Phoenix shows sacrificial love when she faces many obstacles, none of which stop her from doing what she can to help her grandson. However, on the other hand, there is a lot more left unknown in I Used to Live Here Once. The two short stories that are told in third person, deal with death in one way or another. Phoenix faces multiple signs of death throughout her journey into the city. The women in I Used to Live Here Once seems to be past death already, and is facing the realization that she is no longer living.

Game console industry Essay Example for Free

Game console industry EssayProvide an overview of the company. Include any information you deal is pertinent to this company (5 points) Nintendo is a company that creates video haltings and spicy consoles. Nintendo is the creator of the Game Boy, Super Nintendo, Nintendo DS, Nintendo 64, Nintendo GameCube and of course the Wii. Nintendo is only one of the few companies that create turn systems, and is in constant competition with Sony (PlayStation) and Microsoft (Xbox). Nintendos revenues in 2009 were $19,308. 1 million, with a net income of ,930. 8 million. 1. What be the defining business and economic characteristics of the video game console industry?What is the industry like? (10 points) Sales of video game consoles, software, and accessories reached a record high of $23. 1 billion in 2008. Despite the change magnitude intensity of competition, the video gaming industry as a whole had continued to grow through the end of 2008 in the face of the downturn in the general world economy. 2. What is competition like in the video game console industry? Do a five-forces analysis to support your answer. Complete the future(a) as part of your answer. Make sure to explain the reasons for your answers. (10 points) a. The bargaining power and supplement of buyers is a low competitive force b.The bargaining power and leverage of suppliers is a low competitive force. c. Competition from substitutes is a high competitive force. d. Threat of entry is a low competitive force. e. Rivalry among competing video game console producers is a high competitive force. Overall assessment 3. What forces are crusade changes in the video game console industry? Are these driving forces acting to make the industry more or less competitively intense? Are the driving forces acting to make the industry more or less profitable in future years? (10 points) 4. What is Nintendos strategy? Which of the five generic strategies discussed is Nintendo using?What are some of the recent of fensive and/or defensive strategies that Nintendo has employed? Have these tactics been successful? (10 points) 5. How well is Nintendos strategy working in terms of the financial performance it is delivering? Should shareholders be please? Why or why not? What 2-3 weaknesses do you see in Nintendos financial performance? (15 points) Performance Ratio 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 Revenue Growth 16. 61% 73% 89. 79% -1. 11% n/a Gross cyberspace Margin . 43 . 42 . 41 . 42 . 42 Operating Profit Margin . 30 . 29 . 23 . 18 . 22 Return on Assets 25% 24% 18% 14% 13% Return on Equity .13 . 14 . 18 . 24 . 25 6. What does a SWOT analysis reveal about the attractiveness of Nintendos overall item? Is the companys competitive position as solid as top management seems to believe? Does the company have a competitive advantage? If so, what is the basis for this competitive advantage and is the advantage sustainable? (10 points) Nintendos Resource Strengths and Competitive Capabilities Nintendo s Internal Resource Weaknesses and Competitive Liabilities Nintendos External Opportunities Nintendos External Threats 7. What does a competitive strength assessment reveal about whether Nintendo has a competitive edge?Complete the chart as part of your answer. You are to determine the success factors you deem most important. (20 points) Key Success Factors Importance Weight Nintendo Sony Microsoft Rating Score Rating Score Rating Score8. What recommendations would you make to Nintendo to improve its competitiveness in the video game console industry and to maintain its favorable positioning vis-a-vis Microsoft and Sony? (10 points).

Language in Political Speeches

Language in Political SpeechesEssay investigating the diction employ in legal transferes to motivate and contain people including speeches of Tony Blair, George Bush, John major(ip) and Winston Churchill, for example.The language required to motivate and submit in semi policy-making speeches is a prepared mode of lingual usage very different from others in that its imperative is in here(predicate)ntly connected with its construction and delivery. Although recognised and frequently assiduous linguistic devices, such as rhetoric, are necessarily an intrinsic part of this kind of syntax, the overall affair governs the style far more directly and bears the weighty implication of two veto and positive influence in other words, when do pauperization and judgment become propaganda? In aim to demonstrate the power of speech to motivate and persuade, it is therefore necessary to ensure closely at close to speeches which have seek to accomplish this with varying degrees of suc cess in relation to the circumstances in which they were made.Though it is often said that events, non speeches, determine the outcome of elections it is equally admittedly that the language used to persuade the people addressed as to how they should view events is a determining factor in a positive or negative response. In terms of historical resonance, one might consider how Shakespeare presents the difference between Brutus appeal to reason and Mark Antonys appeal to emotion when separately addresses the easily manipulated mob in turn following the assassination of Julius Caesar in his play of that name written in a conviction of contemporary semipolitical tension, 1599. It has also been seen to be true in more recent times when, following the assassination of Ghandi in 1948, Nehru spoke to the people of India in terms intentional specifically to calm what was a potentially inflammatory situation by using words of address remarkably alike(p) to Shakespeares Friends Romans, Countrymen, Nehru chose to speak to the multitude as Friends and comrades. Both usages of familial terms encouraged feelings of empathy and solidarity, persuading those present that a feeling expressed by one man could at once unite, reflect and pacify those of a nation. Tony Blairs famous epithet the Peoples Princess did much the same following the death of Princess Diana in 1995. In all of these cases, the right words at the right time persuaded people to believe in the speakers ethos and motivated them to react as the orator wished.The moving, motivational and persuasive rhetoric of Winston Churchills wartime speeches remains profoundly powerful and is an extremely good way of demonstrating the actioniveness of language. During the darkest days of the war, in 1940, Churchills we ordain never crepuscule caused the British people to perceive hope where really there was none. His syntax, some(prenominal) in-person and generic, like that of the emotive language earlier discus sed, relies severely upon the pronoun we as a connective with those he is addressingWe shall not flag nor fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France and on the seas and oceans we shall fight with increase confidence and growing strength in the air. We shall defend our island whatever the cost may be we shall fight on beaches, landing grounds, in fields, in streets and on the hills. We shall never surrender What is often forgotten is that this speech drives with a summation of the catastrophic progress of the war up to this point. Churchills brilliance, here, is in saying nothing of factual meaning but concentrating instead on the emphasis of the nations unity. The personal pronoun we, which is repeated at the beginning of each sentence and echoed in our, produces the desired effect of proclaiming the collective consciousness of resistance, whilst simultaneously stressing, inferentially and by inversion, the possible negative results of disunity. That is, only by t he behaviour Churchill declares to be prevalent can the Nation hope to survive. As well as repetition and rhetoric, the persuasive technique here employs alliteration, in flag nor fail, the language of the poetically picturesque in seas and oceans and references to home in fields, streets and hills in other words, encompassing the whole land in the semantic field. The variation in structure, especially sentence length, indicates a momentum which rises and travel musically, beginning with short declarative mood statements, expanding with the introduction of both compound and complex sentences, until a crescendo is reached with never surrender. The speech does not end here (it ends with a broad hint to the impudently World to join the war and rescue the old) but this is its rhetorical peak, emphasised, if such is necessary, by the fact that some fifty years later it is still remembered and quoted, even in that most necessarily persuasive of media, advertising. (However, it is ne cessary to remember that such persuasive language and technique was equally powerful in motivating Hitlers Nazi Party, and indeed the German people, to go to war in the first place, albeit with an offensive rather than justificative motive.)The language of political speeches made in time of war must have, then, as a prime objective, the desire both to motivate and persuade. It has been said that, a President is a persuader by definition and this can be seen in the speech of US President George W. Bush at the time of the decision to go to war with Iraq in 1991Just two hours ago, Allied air forces began an attack on military targets in Iraq and Kuwait. These attacks continue as I speak. Ground forces are not engaged. This conflict started Aug. 2, when the dictator of Iraq invaded a small and helpless neighbour. Kuwait, a member of the Arab League and a member of the United Nations, was scurvy, its people brutalized. Five months ago, Saddam ibn Talal Hussein started this cruel war ag ainst Kuwait tonight, the battle has been joined. Bush begins by emphasising the fact that the attack has already begun and that it is continuing a fait accompli, in fact. The syntax is strikingly declarative and informative whilst the language, in the semantic field of attack and defence, relies heavily on the notion that there was no choice here and that America did not begin the conflict it is not the aggressor. Indeed, Bush stresses the idea of the dictator of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, having invaded a small and helpless neighbor. Emotive language is heaped upon this by the use of crushed and brutalized in order that the goal of the orator to persuade the American people and indeed the world, that the invasion was a humanitarian act. The cruel war, Bush invites us to judge, was begun by Iraq and battle has been joined to protect and defend as the American Oath of Allegiance clearly demands. The language used throughout is designed to persuade the listener of the validity and necessi ty of war. However, the notion that, Presidents and politicians are special organisms. When they talk, we listen, has to be qualified by the listeners growing political awareness.This is evident when one turns to look at the language used in political speeches aimed at either the electorate or to instigate legislation where different criteria are applied which can be perceived in the structural linguistic mode. An increasingly sophisticated electorate has become more aware of political fling, however, and is less easily swayed by political rhetoricDistrust of policy making and policy makers has become more common as politics has become positioned as more concerned with the spin of media presentation than with substance.There is, then, with this innate distrust in mind, a discernable difference between what is presented in speeches to party members and what is intended to be persuasive and motivational to the general public. As has been observed, the babble of voices has increased m assively and governments have to work very hard indeed to keep anything hidden from the public gaze. Speeches do not, of course, seek obviously to hide being necessarily declarative and intended for public consumption. Nevertheless, political speeches are often made in the wake of political scandal where the motivation of the speaker is to persuade the listeners that despite appearances all is well. In cases such as these, the speaker has a more difficult role than usual, since the hearing is likely to be hostile, especially during a Commons Debate in circumstances such as these, combative language will be employed by both sides, rather than either passivity or attack and defence. However, the later to be impeached President Nixon, when running for the office of Vice-Presidency in 1952, used the specific dynamics of honesty and integrity to refute claims made against him and pledge, somewhat ironically in hindsight, to drive the crooks and the Communists and those that defend them out of Washington. By connecting the guilty fraternity with a contemporary political obsession of the McCarthy Era, Nixon diverts the issue from his own challenged integrity and instead attempts to persuade the listeners that those who speak against him are the dishonest ones and the motivation is entirely personal in its attempt to achieve an individual goal.Motivational speech can, however, be far more selfless and, indeed, more potentially powerful, if delivered in the desire to drive forward a socio-political cause. The finest example of this in the latter half of the twentieth century might well be said to be that of Dr. Martin Luther King Jnr. to the assembled masses in Washington D.C. on August 28 1963 which proved to be a seminal moment in the Civil Rights transactionI have a intake that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its gospel truth We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of gallium the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of emancipation and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will be judged not by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today.Dr. Kings intention both to present a persuasive command and motivate a damaged and blighted country to heal itself is evident in both the structure and the lexis, as he interweaves past, present and future to create a livid picture of American racial prejudice expression and persuasion were the goals, confirmation of shared value the method. The speech uses repetition almost as melodic punctuation to enable the essence of the speakers dir ective to appear both personal and communal. Focusing on a future built from a mutual healing of the past and presenting the image of children as the distillation of this, Martin Luther King involves the listener in a persuasive generic rhetoric. Elsewhere, the speech uses biblical imagery and references to love of country to demonstrate the inherent right of mankind to freedom and equality enshrined in the Declaration of Independence (July 4th 1776). By enforcing this in relation to the Civil Rights Movement, King underpins his dream with a historical resonance to which the American Dream is inextricably linked. Thus the structure and content combine to persuade and motivate those who are not actually present to engage with the movement to which he is truly dedicated. The speech was a media event and remains one of the most powerful and emotionally charged speeches in history. It had tremendous success, both contemporaneously and over future decades, in persuading the American peop le to act positively to abolish racism, though prejudice is, unhappily, still prevalent.John Major, also speaking on the right to freedom, this time in relation to fox hunting, acknowledged by the speaker as ludicrous in its introduction as a Government Bill out front the House, attempts to persuade almost by inversionI have never hunted a fox or a deer, nor have I attend a hunt or seen one, except at a distance, yet I oppose the Bill every bit as strongly as any one of the country dwellers who are likely to lose their livelihood should a ban be imposed by Parliament.By declaring his disinterest, Major begins to persuade by suggesting that his is the action of any right-thinking man, not just the minority of countrymen who hunt. Majors entire speech attempts to persuade by derision and negation, implying that the push back Government is sacrificing the rights of the few, a breath-taking illustration of political self-interest overriding natural justice. Majors persuasive tactic, faced with an overriding popular antagonist to fox-hunting, is to cast doubt on this as a fact and also to stress the importance of hunting as part of the rural economy. He refers to farmers and country dwellers as well as loss of livelihood whilst avoiding reference to the image of huntsmen as red-faced toffs, a disparaging reference to the view of the Left, until after he has delivered an argument found on opinion rather than fact and concluding with the fox-hunting term of gone to earth and even reference to the Christmas season, when the speech was delivered, to aid its persuasiveness. Moreover, Major states that one needs an open mind to see the truth of his argument implying that those who do not agree with him have a restricted view based on the desire to appeal to the populace rather than common sense or justice.Speaking to the Fabian Society in 2003, Tony Blair employed a similar methodology when speaking of Public Services where he alluded to such ideologically emotive i deas as the creation of the National Health Service to further his argument that his government was delivering the progressive rights that other countries took for granted. The speech is argued coherently, acknowledging the historical knowledge of the Socialist Party his audience possesses. In this sense, he tailors the structure very otherwise from a speech to a more general audience.Language is the principal tool of the politician and as such offers much in the way of linguistic analysis for the study of the power of lexis and syntax to persuade and motivate. From the specific words required for wartime, to the promotion of a political agenda or the need to tell on injustice, speeches employ the many and various linguistic devices within their textual structure to argue and persuade effectively. Language is a powerful and emotive stimulant, dangerous in the hands of a skilled orator with an ambivalent or perilous personal agenda. Certainly, the way a speech is constructed and de livered has been shown over the centuries to have tremendous influence, both negative and positive, and knowledge of method and intent are important in the ability of an audience to differentiate astutely between the two and avoid being either persuaded or motivated against their better interests or those of the public at large. Thus, understanding the nature of persuasive and motivational argument is essential in order for the listener to make informed, rather than merely linguistically manipulated, choices based upon skilful speech.BibliographyTony Blair, Speech to the Fabian Society on Public Services, 18 June 2003, TotalPolitics, 2008, retrieved 21 October, 2008. George W. Bush, Announcing the Attack on Iraq, 16 January 1991, TotalPolitics, 2008, retrieved 21 October, 2008. Winston Churchill, Speech to the House of Commons, 4 June 1940, TotalPolitics, 2008, retrieved 21 October, 2008. Declaration of Independence, 4 July 1776, retrieved 21 October 2008, Robert E. Denton Jr., Dan F. Hahn, Presidential Communication Description and Analysis, (Praeger, New York, 1986).Richard Edwards, Katherine Nicoll, Nicky Soloman, Robin Usher, Rhetoric and Educational Discourse Persuasive Texts, (Routledge Falmer, New York, 2004).Robert V. Friedenberg, Notable Speeches in Contemporary Presidential Campaigns, (Praeger, Westport, CT, 2002).Martin Luther King, I Have a Dream delivered 23 August, 1963, retrieved 21 October, 2008 John Major, Speech on Fox Hunting, December 2000, TotalPolitics, 2008, retrieved 21 October, 2008. Jawaharlal Nehru, Eulogy on the Death of Ghandi (delivered 1948) retrieved 22 October 2008 David R. Russell, Elaine P. Maimon, Writing in the pedantic Disciplines, 1870 -1990 A Curricular History, (Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, IL, 1991).James Thomas, Dianas Mourning A Peoples History, (University of Wales Press, Cardiff, Wales, 2002).Carl Tighe, Writing and Responsibility, (Routledge, New York, 2005).

Religion And Terrorism The World Situation Politics Essay

Religion And terrorist act The World Situation Politics hearReligion spate inspire pots potential and make them undaunted in the face of death. However, countless disasters take a commission broken out when ghostlike extremism and terrorism combine with each different. Religious- based terrorism has become a major form of contemporary terrorism. Currently, the worlds situation has experienced drastic changes and religion as a transcendental deity worship met the requirements of peoples spiritual sustenance. Therefore, the religious- based terrorism as a type of terrorist activities spread around the world rapidly and it will long exist. This shew will firstly discuss the similarities between terrorism that is in the first place religious and terrorism that is primarily secular. Following this, it will discuss the differences between terrorism that is primarily religious and terrorism that is primarily secular by analyzing one act of contemporary religious rage in detail. Finally, it will analyze the reason wherefore it is non possible for terrorists to achieve their aims by using violence..Similarities between terrorism that is primarily religious and terrorism that is primarily secularAfter experienced the 9 11 incident in 2001, a discussion on the so-called fourth wave of terrorism had risen. Unlike the previous several waves of terrorism, religious way out has become the main motive force of this new terrorism (David C. Rapoport, 2001). Religious-based terrorism kernel for the religious or political reasons, a religious group, giving medication, government or individuals attacks their religion or other religions and workout violence against the innocent civilians or property. Aref M. Al- Khattar, 2003Although driving by different forces, the religious-based terrorism and secular terrorism use violence to solve their problem and bring the society a great panic. First, both the religious-based terrorism and secular terrorism ar act of viol ence. They convey their ideas and intentions to certain genial groups by those planned violence. They seek political change by the public impact of violence. Second, the religious-based terrorism and secular terrorism are always unpredictable. Organized terroristic activities boast a shelter and it is difficult to predict in advance. When and where will the terrorist activities occur? What are their aims? How terrorist activities start on? All of these issues are unknown until the terrorist events happen. Its unpredict skill expanding the forcefulness of terrorist violence and terrorism becomes very difficult to deal with. Third, the victims of the religious-based terrorism and secular terrorism arrest a symbolic meaning. The potential victims of terrorist attacks are not in reality randomly selected. These targets are the symbol of what the terrorists want to attack because of their status, their location or their activities. Fourth, the religious-based terrorism and secular t errorisms action usually has a specific political purpose. act of terrorism has a political purpose which includes two situations Firstly, some groups or organizations use such means of violent and terrorist to achieve their own political purposes. Secondly, they adopt that means of violent terrorist to change hearty political thoughts.Differences between terrorism that is primarily religious and terrorism that is primarily secularThe religious-based terrorism and secular terrorism are different in those issues of motivation, legitimization and justification. Some Islamic fundamentalist organizations are the typical delegate of religious-based terrorism. They advocate to restore the original form of Islam and to establish a theocracy country. Terrorism is the stock in trade of the Islamic fundamentalist. The Muslim Brotherhood is a representation of fundamentalist. This organization was established in 1928 and its initial aim is to resist western sandwich cultural influence on the Arab world. Since its inception, the Muslim Brotherhood spread its influence in the Arab world, and gradually evolved from a religious organization to a paramilitary terrorist organization. Hamas is an organization which is derived from the Muslim Brotherhood. They put forward a very aggressive struggle aim destroy Israel with a holy war and establish an Islamic ground in Palestine ultimately. After the Cold War, the terrorism activities of Islamic fundamentalist have become increasingly frequent and prove to be the most treacherous terrorism in the world (Bar S, 2004).Take Islamic fundamentalist terrorism for example. Compared with the secular terrorism, they considered violence as a sacred act or handicraft and terrorist activities have been given a sacred name. Killing is glorious if it is for the sacred religious. Secular moral fetters, struggle of the human nature dissipated in this glorious. Terrorists use murder and they have no limitation on the political impact, moral a nd practical conditions that limited secular terrorism. Bruce Hoffman, 1993Religious allow terrorists to find a way to legitimize their acts of terror. M each religious doctrines have violent sanctions content to urge their follower filled with admiration to the God. Terrorism is a natural supporter of violence. It captured this have of religion, misleading those devout followers. These followers believed that violence is an expression of worship and they were taking away the sinners in accordance the will of God. Therefore, they not only will not feel guilty for the murder, but believes their actions are legitimate and sacred (Sedgwick M, 2004). Compared with the other types of terrorism, their enemy is broader and numerous. This fact doomed religious-based terrorism are much bloody than the other types of terrorism.The religious-based extremism terrorists are both victimizer and victim. Piety to the religious is their spiritual motivate of carrying out terrorist attacks, but not the root causes of terrorism. They had lived quietly in the world which many a(prenominal) religions exist there like most people. They protected their religion carefully, but their religion gradually declined under the impact of Western culture. Those desperate followers have to take the extreme method of killing to eradicate those who threaten their religious beliefs and it seems that those numerous religions may erode their faith. Those experiences in the real-life, including the power politics of Western countries, economic sanctions, military strikes, made them feel that they are victims and they have the right to retaliate to these people who bring them disaster. Terrorism will not grow up without any reason and no one born a suicide bomber ( Jones JW,2009 Roislien HE, 2005).Analysis of the possibility for religious terrorists to achieve their aims by violenceSince the nineteen eighties, unlike types of worlds religious terrorist organizations developed rapidly. The ravages of terrorism have brought great harm to the supranational community and undermine the normal social order. Terrorism intensifies various contradictions and becomes a major threat to the peace of the world. Therefore, many governments condemn atrocities of the terrorist and have made it clear that they will fight against terrorism.In recent years, the international community has joint together to act against terrorism. Many countries recognize that anti-terrorism can not be met by one country alone. They must rely on the strength of the entire international community. Contemporary terrorism is more like cancer, which spread and undermined the body health of the community seriously. It undermines the international peace and social stability, which lead the international community into productive fear. So compromise with terrorists is generally refused by the whole world. Recently, many countries have committed to the fight against terrorism and have made remarkable achievements. T herefore, in this situation, religious terrorism is difficult to achieve their goal by violence.Same example can be used to illustrate the above conclusion. Organizations of Islamic fundamentalists, like Hamas, have not achieved its goal by using violence. Although causing great damageHamas suicide bombing attacks do not destroy Israel and have no official effects on the establishment of an Islamic state in Palestine. InsteadGaza as the stronghold of Hamas has been blockaded by Israel since 2007. As a result, Hamas lost the ability to launch large-scale attack in a long period of time.ConclusionReligion is an important component of human civilization and its contribution to gentlemans gentleman is undeniable. The ethical and legal norms it advocates still play an irreplaceable constraints role of peoples behavior for peace and stability of human society. But religious-based terrorism undermined international peace and social stability, which lead the international community into d eep fear. Anti-terrorist is imperative, but it is also essential for each country involved in terrorism to rethink what makes them become the targets of terrorist attacks. If people use violence to combat with religious terrorism, this will only lead to more conflict of civilizations and more severe social panic. However, elimination of terrorism is an extremely complex and difficult task. So the religious-based terrorism will long exist. Therefore, all the countries involved in terrorism need to find the root causes of religious-based terrorism .What they can do now is try to prevent terrorism and minimize losses caused by terrorist activities.

Analysis Of Experience Organizational Change Management Essay

Analysis Of Experience organisational Change Management EssayTodays administrations argon facing a continu eithery ever-changing world, unpredictable and fast-paced purlieu that require constant restudying to shift. For an scheme to be successful in this modern world it is ultimately for government to regularly evaluate the need for them to swap to outride up to date. organisational metamorphose enables a company to strive to stay competitive and profitable. In 2006, Seagate Technology (NASDAQ STX) had acquired Maxtor Corporation Maxtor was an Ameri stack manufacturer of computer ceremonious disk drives and the tertiary largest in the world prior to acquisition. In 2008, some commentators argue that Solid-state drive (SSD) challenge may contain threat to Seagate ravisher as a worlds largest manufacturer of conventional disk drives. Organizations likely to be struggling to survive if fail to meet the challenges and demands of both(prenominal) the external and internal en vironment factors. Today environment is erratic and does not stand still, so organizations cannot assume that the future is stagnant, on that point is a need for organizations to continuously review their vision, strategies, technologies and goals based on changing environment and technological. As Charles Darwin quotes that It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is the most adaptable to diversity.Jai B. P. Sinha (2008 352) states that there is two-dimensional view of organizational change, where organizational change can be triggering by external and internal factors, either unplanned or planned. The unplanned change is usually reacting to ad hoc visors that company does not forebode and it may cause distraction to operation. For examples, change of government policy, critical ensuants due to lacking of skills, unscheduled tools maintenance due to lacking of preventive measurement, and missing standard ized operating procedures. The planned change is usually change of organization business plans and organization restructuring, such as offer competitive pricing in the market, redesign or dress qualitys and responsibilities to improve productivity and employees morale. The impressive outcome of unplanned and planned change both can be efficacious and ineffective basically it depends on how efficient of the strategic plans that put into practical effect.There are many external triggers for organizational change. For example, in 2011, Europe solar industry sees appal and guessed with legal environment factor when UK government announced plans to introduce a cut to the Feed-In Tariff scheme (FIT) for large solar energy enterprises. such(prenominal) legal constraints may exact got serious negative impact on an industry and would hurt organization budget and react unintentional, such as kibosh some of its operations and allow cost jobs lost and low morale. Globalization is an other key external factor in the world economy and could be a good or bad for organization. Globalization has brought in newly opportunities to developing countries or third world countries. For example, international companies in Asia pull in good-looking advantages with better government subsidies and lower labor costs. In order for developed countries companies to stay competitive they essential be consistently review their strategic plans so be much innovative than overseas competitors, such as reallocate their manufacturing business to overseas countries. Likewise, new technological advances make present company crusade to stay competitive. Nokia Corp profit has been suffered badly due to lacks of new technology or cast to challenge smart phone, such as Apple iPhone and Samsung Galaxy. An organization has to continuously research and develop new technology in order having force to challenge the threat from competitors and demanding customers.Internal triggers are the fa ctors happening within the organization itself. For example, workplace abuse or high stress employees can lead to low morale and low performance it will affect the productivity, staff turnover, or legal issue. For example, in 2012, China Company Foxconn Technology has reported several suicides cases at its factories in southern china, which is a major supplier to Apple, Dell and Hewlett-Packard. or so commentators revealed that the issue may due to poor management policies that workers have force to keep up with the machines speed and not allowed to talk to each other in the workshop. Therefore, it is an obligation that organization has to response to the incident and investigates to identify what are the factors caused the incident. Organization must decide and implement a strategic change to resolve the incident and prevent from reoccurring. Also the change has to include the plan how to calm, raise employees morale and motivate employees.Huczynski and Buchanan (2010 565-566) dis cussed that one way to distinguish type of change is to consider how deep they penetrate the organization. in time it does not mean that all change must be deep change to be a good change. The depths of organization interpolation are surface, shallow, penetrating, deep, and transformation. The surface or fine tuning is an appropriate to minor issue, where the deep change is appropriate when dealing with major change. For example, in 2009, the deep change will be appropriates for Chartered Semiconductor Company when the company acquired by the main stockholder of Global Foundries Inc, and it required to change to align and transform their corporal mission, vision and values.Kurt Lewin (1985) change possible action contains three stage model of change, unfreezing-moving-refreezing. Based on Kurt Lewin unfreezing model, it can be comprehend that organization has to be aware to the changing world and willing to accept change when get trigger. The second step, moving, it is the peri od to identify appropriate strategic planning and ability to influence to implement the change. The third step, refreezing, it is a step to settle down the change and stabilization of port, and whence get ready for next change. There is a potential failure to the change if the change does not settle down soon enough in the refreezing period, because the impact to sympathetic behavior may be considered risky if stabilization of behavior unable to execute promptly. Also, the ability for continuous of the change would be depends on how fast or how effective the organization to settle down the change, where the change must be accepted and practiced consistently by members of organization.Pennington Change Model (2006) suggests that proposed changes can be placed along two scales radical incremental and impression peripheral. Plotting the character of a proposed change along these scales can provide a sense of how difficult the introduction of any particular initiative might be and how much disturbance to the status quo it might give way. Radical change is generally is a dramatic change and require employees to move far apart or react very differently to a change. stock-still incremental change does not necessary is better that radical change in term of oppositeness of change. It is still depends how well of organization mitigating resistance and encouraging citizenry.Organizations have always met with resistance to change because human naturally tend to resist change. Huczynski and Buchanan (2010 567) discussed that the Elizabeth Kubler-Ross (1969) model has addresses human reaction associated with change. The five stages in the Kubler-Ross coping cycle are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. The five sets of emotional may not all experience by employee through with(predicate)out the change process. However by understanding the response of people during change, organization will be better ready to promote the change. Huczynski and Buc hanan also discussed the Yerkes-Dodson law, which graduation observed by Robert M. Yerkes and John D. Dodson (1908). The Yerkes-Dodson law argues that human performance increases with arousal or stress increases, however it sees an inverted U-shaped function betwixt arousal and performance. A certain standard of arousal can be a good motivator toward change such as employees may work and learn better with little pressure. However too little arousal has a sluggish affect too and performance will be slow. When arousal reach an optimal level, the individual will has a hyperactive affect such as overloaded and exhausted and performance will start to drop. How organization response to resistance is very important, such as by force could increase resistance and turnover. The full point of readiness, understanding, lading and compromise by employees can help to accelerate the change process. According to Huczynski and Buchanan (2010 567), Arthur Bedeian (1980) has states there are fo ur reasons that certain people resist change are parochial self-interest (concerned), Misunderstanding, Low tolerance to change, and Different assessments of the situation. To manage or inhibit the resistance to change, Kotter and Schlesinger (2008) have identify 6 methods for dealing with resistance of change. The methods are Education and commitment, Participation and involvement, Facilitation and support, Negotiation and agreement, Manipulation and co-optation, and Implicit and explicit coercion. These 6 methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, however this is a model that organization can use as guidance, and apply it wisely on unspoilt situation to prevent or minimize resistance to change in organizations.Jai B. P. Sinha (2008 354) discussed that agriculture plays an important role in organizational change processes. Huczynski and Buchanan highlight that Edgar Schein (1985) model sees culture as a three levels Surface manifestations (the visible aspects of an org anizations culture object and behaviors that can be seen, heard and felt), Values and beliefs (strategies, goals and philosophies), and Basic assumptions (unconscious, taken for granted beliefs, thoughts and perceptions). It is a challenge for culture change to support organizational change, such as what are the best approaches to change people belief and corporate values so that can align with both internal and external factors that resulting from organizational change.Additional, organizational clime and culture are go hand in hand. The culture and climate are both important aspects to organization and have the strong impact during organizational change. Organization change must be always emphasising to seek balance between culture and climate throughout the change process. It is very difficult to implement and sustain the organizational change without a properly strategies to manage the climate. The reason is because climate or individual psychological climate such as attitudes , behavior and feelings in the organization are easier to be affected, especially during transformation change that affect organizational mission and strategy. However with a right strategic planning, thorough assessment of organizational human behavior, and the consistent commitment of organizational from both shareholders and outdo management, so the change may accomplishable and sustainable. For example, Micron Semiconductor Inc had open and respect climates Managers in open and respect climates are often look more pleasant and easier to work with, hence it will be much better performance that the managers in closed and contempt climates. With strong culture and right values, everyone in the organization will be having the common perspective in mind and working toward a common goal. As Frances Hesselbein quotes that, Culture does not change because we believe to change it. Culture changes when the organization is transformed the culture reflects the realities of people working together every day.There are authentically no specific model is the best for organizational change. Organization should proactive continuously learning to identify better ways of develop the innovative strategic planning for driving effective change in organizations by the team members. The successful implementation of organizational change will be depends on how well the ability of leading or management in choosing the right strategic planning, and implement it ethically. Although change in today fast-paced world is often essential to keep up, however managing organizational change requires skill. Organizational change can be sabotaged if key members refuse to align with the new strategies, because resistance to change is a natural human phenomenon. Hence, all members of organization have to involve and be aligned with the change process, and then integrate their efforts to the organizational change towards the achievement of ultimate organizational goal. The consistent commitmen t from both senior management and employees are the main key for organization change to succeed. As Jai B. P. Sinha (2008 369) say that although changes are inevitable and only those who adjust with them survive, effective organizations plan changes for improving individual and organizational performance and well-being of the employees.ASSIGNMENT 1 REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHYBradford University School of Management, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 20010, 2011, 2012. Managing People (MP) theme Book.David A. Buchanan and AndrzeJ A. Huczynski, Organizational Behavior. 7 Editions. 1985, 2010.Jai B. P. Sinha, Culture and Organizational Behavior, First Published in 2008 by SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd.Jeff Dooley, A holw-Person/Systemic Approach to organization Change Management, copyright 1998. Retrieved on July 1, 2012, from http//www.well.com/user/dooley/change.pdfMichael W. Durant, Durant, CCE, CPA. Managing Organ0izational Change. 1999. Retrieved on July 1, 2012, from http//www.crfonli ne.org/orc/pdf/ref4.pdfCharles Darwin quotes. Retrieved July 1, 2012, from http//www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/c/charles_darwin.htmlRunning Head Organizational Change. Retrieved July 1, 2012, from http///www.advanceessays.com/samples/Organizational_Change.pdfJISC InfoNet, Change Management. Retrieved July 1, 2012, from http//www.jiscinfonet.ac.uk/infokits/change-management/printable-version.pdfSam Kogan, Gen3 Partners, October 10, 2006. How IT companies can stay competitive in a global market. Retrieved July 1, 2012, from http//www.zdnet.com/news/how-it-companies-can-stay-competitive-in-a-global-market/14983020 Awesome Quotes on Change Management. Retrieved July 1, 2012, from http//www.torbenrick.eu/blog/change-management/20-awesome-quotes-on-change-management/Michael Birnbaum and Anthony Faiola, Published March 19. Solar industry faces subsidy cuts in Europe. Retrieved July 1, 2012, from http//www.washingtonpost.com/world/solar-industry-faces-subsidy-cuts-in-europe/2012/03/10/ gIQArkbXLS_story.htmlChandrasekaran Balakrishnan, Impact of Globalisation on Developing Countries and India. Retrieved July 1, 2012, from http//economics. just about.com/od/globalizationtrade/l/aaglobalization.htmBy Malcolm Moore in Shanghai, 27 May 2010. Inside Foxconns suicide factory Retrieved July 1, 2012, from http//www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/china-business/7773011/A-look-inside-the-Foxconn-suicide-factory.htmlASSIGNMENT 2 ESSAY QUESTION Why have managers and researchers been so interested in leaders theories to develop effective work performance?Today, a lot of managers and researchers have gone into searching the perfect leading solution and ideas to achieve organization effectiveness. Many different leadership theories have emerged some of the popularly adopted leadership theories have evolved over time and have developed their own lines of thoughts and debates endlessly. The leadership theories may have understood and differentially by managers and researchers. And lead ers applied these adopted leadership theories as guidance and generate new ideas to strive for their organizational effectiveness in today fast-pace environment. Huczynski and Buchanan (2010 596) state that Leadership appears to be a critical determinant of organizational effectiveness. Yuki (2002 7) defines that leadership as Leadership is the process of influencing others to understand and agree what needs to be done and how to can be done effectively, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish the share objective. The preceding two arguments may reach an understanding that leadership in organizations is a critical process of influencing and facilitating others to develop effective work performance. The benchmark to measure how well the effective work performance may depends on how well the ability of leaders understand the adopted leadership theories as the conceptual guide to demonstrate in actual life and business situations. The clearer a leader can comprehend or perceive it the more effective leader can get into the act. Hence we can argue that the better possibility and models enables leader to act more effectively to develop effective work performance.Is boss or manager a leader? Huczynski and Buchanan (2010 598) discussed that Warren Bennis and Burt Nanus (1985, P.21) observed that managers do things right, while leaders do the right thing. John Kotters (1990) contrast different functions between leaders and managers, such as Leader establish direction and aligning people, where Manager plans and budget, and Organizing and staffing. Managers have the authority and power in organization to do certain tasks precisely it does not simply mean the manager is a leader. or so leaders may not have any formal authority but have the ability to influence the behavior of group of people to achieve goal. Individuals can learn to lead and develop their leadership. Jai B. P. Sinha (2008 354) discussed that Whether managers a re developed into leaders depends first of all their own efforts to rise above their routine functions, expand their roles, and cultivate beliefs, dispositions, skills, and calls that make them stand out from others around them. Organizations also play a facilitating role by creating conditions and devising mechanisms transcend their managerial roles. There are many leadership theories that individuals or managers can stick at for learning and developing leadership skills. Apparently, managers interested in leadership theories to develop into leaders and ability to develop effective work performance.Theories of leadership tend to serve a guideline for organization to apply all factors and components of effective leadership into a framework and establishing a culture. Early leadership theories tend to focus upon the property approach, style approach and fortuity approach, where characteristics and behaviors affects leadership the later new leadership theories tend to focus upon th e organizational vision, transactional, transformational, role of chase, the contextual nature of leadership. Each leadership theories provides a personal models or concepts that given management a direction, however each theories does has their own advantages and problems. The next few paragraphs will provide more insight look of some regular theories of leadership Great man theory, Trait theory, Style theory, Contingency theory, Transactional leader, and Transformational leader.In 19th century, the Great man theory was a popular idea which identifies leaders are born and not made. Great leaders will arise when there is a great need. Huczynski and Buchanan (2010 599) explained that the theory as Great Man are born leaders, and emerge to take power, regardless of the social, organizational or history context. It can be said that history leaders were male and primary focus on man only, and great man are born with destined to lead.Next similar theory of leadership is a Trait theory. The Trait theory is the ideas which identify leaders are the people born with inherited leadership characteristic or traits that make these people suited to become leader. According to Huczynski and Buchanan (2010 599), Ralph Stoghill (1948, 1974) had reviewed hundreds of trait studies. both(prenominal) of his typical characteristics list are strong drive for responsibilities, focus on completing the task, vigor and persistence in pursuit of goals, venturesomeness and sooner in problem-solving, drive to exercise initiative in social setting, self-confidence, sense of personal identity, willingness to accept consequences of decisions and actions, readiness to absorb interpersonal stress, willingness to tolerate frustration and delay, ability to influence the behavior of others. However researchers argue that the research did not find a consistent set of leadership traits, those attributes could not be determined, and do not appear to be unique to leaders. Later Shaw and Fraser (19 76, 1978) identify the following skills as a traits leader ability (intelligence, relevant hunch overledge, and verbal facility), sociability (participation, cooperativeness, popularity, motivation (initiative and persistence). Some commentators argue that this theory remains gender issues in leadership and a person without trait or some of the traits are not possible for him to be a leader. The Trait theory was abandoned after researchers switched attention to leadership behavior patterns.After the Trait theory, Style or Behavioral style theory has emerged and most commentators considered that this is a big jump from Trait theory. Researchers identified that Style theory is a theory look at what a leader very do, the traits and the leadership capabilities and qualities are not inherited. It assumes that leaders are not born leadership behavior and capability can be learned hence leaders can be made through training. Successful leadership is definable and learnable. Huczynski and Buchanan (2010 606) discussed that in 1940s to early of 1950s, Survey Research Center in land mile with Katz et al had identified two dimensions of leadership employee-centered behavior and job-centered behavior. The style of leadership based on employee-centered behavior is focusing on relationship and employee needs. The leadership has a concern of people as priority, which always strives to solve the problems of following, concerns the needs of followers, and development of followers. The style of leadership based on job-centered behavior is focusing on getting the job done. The leadership put the priority on achievement and meeting goals. In 1953a to 1951, Bureau of Business Research at Ohio State University also identified two types of leaderships behavior which are consideration and initiating structure. The style of leadership based on consideration behavior is focusing on relationships and needs oriented. The leadership allows followers to share ideas and make decisions to gether. The style of leadership based on initiating structure is focusing on job-centered, which structure tasks and assign works, and expect follower to follow reading to act accordingly. However there are some concerns raised against Style theories, such as how well leader can fix to the given style of leadership behavior, and what if a person unwilling or unable to learn the given behavior. As Thompson and McHugh (2002) states that others have recognized that situational, environment and contextual factors all potentially influence and effectiveness of different leadership.Huczynski and Buchanan (2010 610) identified that Contingency theory of leadership of Fred Fiedler (1967) as a perspective which argues that leader must adjust their style in a manner consistent with aspects of the context. This is a model describes the leadership effectiveness is depends on relationship between leader behavior or style and the plausive of the situation. The favorable of the situation can be influenced by three key factors, which are the degree of relationship and trust between leader and team members, the degree of task structure, and the positional power of leader. The theory can promote better relationships between leaders and workers. The theory also can help leader to familiar and not confuse with the tasks structure, hence achieve better effectiveness. Theoretically this theory judge the leader performance is depends on their abilities, not by gender or person background. However some commentators argue this theory is often fails when tested in real-life situation. And the approach should identify a leader not just by positional power, but should evaluate the person leadership competencies to deal with bad situation. Also this theory is difficult to assess the three key factors and not really identify the need of team members.In the late twentieth century, new leaderships have emerged. The new leader focuses on the key role of heroic, powerful, visionary, and char ismatic. Huczynski and Buchanan (2010 617) defined that young leader an inspirational visionary, concerned with building shared senses of purpose and mission, creating a culture in which everyone is aligned with the organizations goals and is skilled and empowered to achieve them. Later the new leadership was distinguished by McGregor Burns (1978) between transactional leader and transformational leader.Huczynski and Buchanan (2010 618) suggest that Transactional leader a leader who treats relationships with followers in terms of an exchange, giving followers what they want in return for what the leader desires, following prescribed tasks to pursue established goals. This theory basically is a model that business agreement or exchange made between an employee and an organization or leader, where completion of tasks through reward or penalty. The benefits of this theory are people are easier to motivate through rewards or penalty. Also organization has the full authority, control an d commitment from employee once employee agrees with the agreement. However this theory will limit the people development because people neer has chance to learn to think because they are just require to follow instruction as per agreement. This leadership model may create a trying work environment because upper level leaders hard to identify lower level leaders to help in managing people or tasks. Some commentators see that this leadership is unable to promote or creating an innovation culture within organization that encourage employees participation and contribution for improving organization effectiveness.Transformational leadership is an effective charismatic leadership theory. Huczynski and Buchanan (2010 618) suggest that Transformation leader a leader who treats relationships with followers in terms of motivation and commitment, influencing and inspiring followers to give more than mere compliance to improve organizational performance. This leadership theory will improve o rganizational behavior and changing organizational climate. Hence people tend to improve effectiveness through self motivation and commitment to their work and organization. However this theory is highly depends on the ability of the organization leaders to influence, motivate and inspire people.There are numbers of leadership theories describe the processes of how a leader developed, influence, motivate, and empower people. Leaders have the flexibility in identifying right theories for them or their organization. These leadership theories and leadership principles are evolving over time. Undoubtedly, Leadership theories and strategic planning are going to enhance leaders capabilities to achieve organization effectiveness. However what happens if the theories or ideas are confuse or not effective at particular situation? result the theories operate and suitable to organization culture? Will the committed theories fail to return expected outcome? Will the theories cause misunderstan ding and impact to the operation or organization? How clear do we know the models? How accurate do we see the direction and outcome? This is a general rule that we must learn to get the concept of theories right first and then put into practical effect. This is a lifelong process that leader should continuously learning and provide high level of commitment to understand leadership theories clearer so be more control and more effective of the outcome. Potentially leaders may cause fears and critical impacts if they are confuse or ambiguous about their action and outcome, especially leaders with great power. As Peter Parker quotes in his spider-man stories that With great power comes great responsibility.ASSIGNMENT 2 REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHYBradford University School of Management, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 20010, 2011, 2012. Managing People (MP) Study Book.David A. Buchanan and AndrzeJ A. Huczynski, Organizational Behavior. 7 Editions. 1985, 2010.Jai B. P. Sinha, Culture and Organ izational Behavior, First Published in 2008 by SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd.Omkar Phatak, Pros and Cons of Leadership Theories. 6/20/2012. Retrieved July 04, 2012, from http//www.buzzle.com/articles/leadership-theories-pros-and-cons.htmlRight Management Inc. Organizational Effectiveness, 2010. Retrieved July 04, 2012, from http//right.com/thought-leadership/research/organizational-effectiveness-discovering-how-to-make-it-happen.pdfBolden R. Gosling, J. Marturano, A. and Dennison, P. A review of Leadership Theory and Competency Frameworks, June 2003. Retrieved July 04, 2012, from http//centres.exeter.ac.uk/cls/documents/mgmt_standards.pdfWikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Leadership. Retrieved July 04, 2012, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeadershipTheoriesThe High and the Mighty. Shelton, Ken. Leadership Excellence29. 5 (May 2012) 2. http//search.proquest.com.ezproxy.brad.ac.uk/docview/1018673389/137BDADA9D5486776E9/2?accountid=17193Successful Leaders. Halvorson, Heidi Grant. Le adership Excellence29. 5 (May 2012) 6. http//search.proquest.com.ezproxy.brad.ac.uk/docview/1018673393/fulltext/137BDADA9D5486776E9/6?accountid=17193Real Leaders. Fretwell, Peter. Leadership Excellence29. 5 (May 2012) 8. http//search.proquest.com.ezproxy.brad.ac.uk/docview/1018673589/fulltext/137BDADA9D5486776E9/8?accountid=17193

Artificial Restraints In Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

"GOLDING PUTS SO MANY ARTIFICIAL RESTRAINTS ON HIS STORY IN ORDER TO EMPHASISE HIS POINT, THAT THE hale THING COMES OUT TOO NEATLY AND, IN FACT, REDUCES THE POWER OF HIS MESSAGE."I echo that, while the boys experience immense bad luck due to the author, the written report still proves its point. It is still possible though, that the bad luck of the boys could urinate been experienced in real life. I think that with place this bad luck, the point of the story wouldnt be as great, because without the restraints Golding placed on the boys, life on the island would have been too easy for the boys.The major constraint that Golding puts on the boys is the personality clash between jackstones and Ralph. From the beginning, when Ralph is elected leader, Jack hates Ralph, and towards the end of the book, the feeling becomes mutual. Without Jack and Ralphs problems, life would have been easy, and the darkness of mans heart would not have been conveyed to the reader. Jack shows th e darkness and if he and Ralph had just been friends, there would never have been an opportunity for Jack to show this darkness which lurked beneath the surface. Golding also uses the dead pilot conveniently against the boys - the way in which he is caught in the trees just in the right position to be caught by the wind and look like the beast and the way the wind picks up after Simon has let him down from the trees and carries him out to sea, so that the other boys washbowlnot see that it wasnt a beast. The author uses the boys fear against them, and although this could possibly happen in the situation, Golding uses it as a weapon against them, their morale and their companionship. I think that the boys split up and go to Jack because of the fear - he can kill the beast, he can get them meat, and if they ever get upset, he can start a dance and all will be fine.

An Argument for the Use of Due :: essays papers

An Argument for the Use of Due Due to a insufficiency of attention or understanding of English grammar, many Americans have, for several generations, used the adjective due as part of a prepositional phrase to hold in adverbial elements- to the disapproval of some strict grammarians. Although I prefer their prescription, for reasons of style, I must oppose their claim to correctness, on the pragmatic grounds of logic and sensibility. The nearly shakily grounded argument against the adverbial use is one of etiquette or style. Wilson Follett considers this use as poor workmanship which is loose and lawless....rare in writers other than those who take improvement of every latitude. (Follett). H. W. Fowler also reveals a negative bias in his statement that due to is often used by illiterates ( Qtd. in Morris). But, as Bergen Evans said, it is used to incline a verb millions of times every day. And it is used in this way in very respectable places. So, if we are to devise and enforce laws of grammar based on exercise by a particular social class or the preference of some who disapprove of its workmanship-who I might add are a minority-then we should maneuver our pencils, and prepare our oratories, for the battle weve begun hardly ends with this issue and is certain to be long and arduous. A second argument, best stated by Follett, that not every face is right by virtue of its existence, appears to highlight the noble defense of language from the deterioration caused by uneducated and uncouth use. If this were the case here, I would heartily hail Follett and Fowler for their defense. But it is not the case. For example, engraved tablets adorning the Philadelphia state house read, Here sat the Continental Congress...except when...it sat in Baltimore, and in...Lancaster and in...York, due to the temporary occupation of Philadelphia by the British army. (Qtd. In Evans). And in 1957 Queen Elizabeth II opened her addressed of the Canadian parlimen t with, Due to inability to market their grain, prairie farmers have been faced for some time with a shortage of sums... (qtd. In Morris). The wide spread, public and formal use of due to for adverbial elements hardly qualifies it as uneducated or uncouth and actually contradicts the rendering of locution. In fact, if precise usage is the issue, I think it would be more accurate to call the grammarians substitution of other phrases in adverbial uses a locution.