Old and New Government Accounting Distinguished

OLD AND NEW GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEM DISTINGUISHED | OLD| NEW|Accounting Entries| * Manual * Maintains numerous special journals with several wide columns| * Computerized * Simplified and updated accounting system| Commission on Audit| Journalizes the appropriation and allotment released by the Department of Budget & Management | No longer journalizes the appropriation and allotment released by the Department of Budget & Management | Bureau of Treasury| Accounting rules & regulations pertaining to cash operations, collections, remittances and disbursements are issued by the COA, jointly or with the concurrence of Department of Finance and the Department of Budget & Management. | Bureau of Treasury maintains the Registry of NCA & Replenishments (RENREP) for control & monitoring of NCA bank transfers released by the Department of Budget & Management. Government Agency| * Does not journalize the Notice of Cash Allocation (NCA) it receives which in effect, identifies the share of age ncy in the income of the national government. * Journalizes its appropriations and allotments. | * Now journalizes the Notice of Cash Allocation (NCA) it receives which in effect, identifies the share of agency in the income of the national government. * No longer journalize its appropriations and allotments; instead it shall maintain the ff. : Registry of Allotments and Obligations- Personal Services (RAOPS), Registry of Allotments and Obligations- Maintenance and other Operating Expenses (RAOMO), Registry of Allotments and Obligations- Capital Outlay (RAOCO), Registry of Allotments and Obligations- Financial Expenses (RAOFE). Basis of Accounting * Expenses * Income and Revenue| Accrual & Cash Basis shall be taken up in the accounts of that year recognized when earned except in case of taxes, where revenues that remain unrealized at the close of the fiscal year shall not be recognized| Modified Accrual Basis recognized when incurred & reported in the F/S shall be recognized on accr ual basis except for transactions where accrual basis is impractical or when other methods are required by law| Fund| All income accruing to the agencies shall accrue to the General Fund of the government and all money collected on any tax levied for a special purpose shall be treated as Special Fund. | Adopts one fund concept and that is the General Fund| Chart of Accounts & Coding Structure| * Six-digit account numbering system * There are contingent accounts. * Expenditures charged to capital outlay are classified as expenses. | * Three-digit account numbering system * There are no longer contingent accounts. * Expenditures charged to capital outlay are classified as expenses. Books of Original Entries| Journal of Collections & Deposits, Journal of Disbursements, Journal of Checks, Issued, Journal & Analysis of Obligations & Journal of Bills are being used| – no longer used, only the General Journal shall be used namely (1) Cash Receipt Journal, (2) Cash Journal, (3) Check Disbursements Journal and (4) Cash Disbursements Journal| Trial Balance| Four-money column listings of all general ledger accounts used in the operations of the agency, whether, the accounts are with or without balance| Two-money column| Financial Expenses| Recognized as components of Maintenance & Other Operating Expenses (MOOE)| Shall be separately classified from Maintenance & Other Operating Expenses (MOOE)| Contingent Accounts| Used to record claims for accounts in dispute| No longer be used, all financial transactions shall be recorded using the appropriate accounts| Corollary Entry & Negative Journal Entries| Being used| Discontinued | Journals used| Cash Journal and General Journal are used together with the ledgers by both books. | With the implementation of the computerized agency accounting system, only the General Journal shall be used together with the ledgers by both books. |

Ancient Greek and Ancient Egyptian Art Compared Essay

Egyptian art comes from the paintings the Egyptians created in the tombs of rich people when they died. These pictures were supposed to help the dead person out when he or she reached the next world, where the Egyptians thought you lived after you died in this world. At first, carvers had a hard time painting the pictures but in about 2160 B.C. they started taking short cuts and made their work sloppier. Greek art was much different from the Egyptians art. One of their styles of art was sculpting. In Crete, between about 1700 and 1450 BC, the Minoans produced a lot of medium-sized figurines, mainly made of metal and ivory. The Greeks learned how to make big stone statues from the Egyptians. At this time many Greek men were working in Egypt as soldiers, and so they had a chance to see Egyptian statues and learn how they were made. One Egyptian technique is to have a triangle for the face and two upside-down triangles for the hair. This makes the hair help support the neck, which otherwise might be too thin to hold up the head. Another Egyptian idea is to have one foot a little in front of the other, which also helps the statue to stand up and not fall over. One difference is that the Greeks always made their statues nude (without clothes), while the Egyptian statues always wore clothes. This is because the Greeks thought that men’s bodies were sacred and that the gods liked to see them. In the Severe style, sculptors began to make statues more true to life, and with more feeling in their faces and their movements. Instead of all being standing straight up and looking sacred and peaceful, now statues began to do things: drive a chariot, carry something, throw a spear, or ride a horse. And sometimes they looked sad, or frightened, or nasty, depending on who they were supposed to be. At the same time, sculptors took more interest in making the muscles and bones look true to life too. The Severe style didn’t last very long, and after about thirty years it was replaced by the Classical style. Greek sculptors began to experiment with honoring the gods by showing the beauty and grace of the human body, especially the bodies of young, athletic men (women’s bodies were still not shown without their clothes). The sculptors also became more interested in the three-dimensionality of sculpture: people being able to  see it from all different sides, and not just from the front. At the end of the 400’s BC, Greece, and especially Athens, was devastated by a terrible war which involved nearly all the Greek city-states, the Peloponnesian War. The end of the war left Greeks too poor for much sculpture, but when people did begin creating new sculpture again it was in a new style. There is more emotion, especially sad feelings like grief. There is more interest in women, who are sometimes shown without clothes now. Portraits of individuals also became more popular. As you can see, Greek art was different from Egyptian art in many ways and Greeks had many forms of art work unlike the Egyptians.

Addiction for Plastic Surgeries Essay Example for Free

Addiction for Plastic Surgeries Essay ? Plastic surgery is a medical field that deals with reshaping some body deformities that may have occurred due to birth defects or accidents. It is also used for other purposes such as treating diseases and beauty purposes. An example of a disease which can be treated through plastic surgery is melanoma. If plastic surgery is carried out for younger looks or beauty purposes, it is referred to as cosmetic surgery. This paper will directly address the issue of cosmetic surgery since it is what has caused plastic surgeries addiction all over the world. Cosmetic surgeries are never related to any medical condition and are normally done to enhance the physical appearance of an individual. Cosmetic surgery addicts are easily identifiable due to the numerous surgeries they undergo each time claiming that they are not happy with their looks. Many victims of cosmetic surgery suffer from a medical condition known as Body Dimorphic Disorder (BDD). This mental disorder has made people imagine that they look different from others and there is a need for surgery so that they can improve their looks. Discussion Cosmetic surgery is a major problem today as a number of people who are addicted to it are doing it repeatedly in order to achieve their imaginary beauty. This practice is becoming frequent and in many instances it is affecting women as they try to change and improve their physical appearances. The problem with such kind of people only exists in their mind because it is hard to view yourself as being ugly from others, it is only a perception. If you view yourself as being ugly from others, the problem will never end even if you undergo so many plastic surgeries. This perception will directly influence the level of your happiness and accepting yourself the way you are. The practices of undergoing plastic surgery repeatedly in order to feel happy and look like the ones you view as more beautiful than yourself is what doctors refer to as BDD. This condition normally affects both male and females under the age of 18 equally (Gorbis, 2003). People suffering from BDD use plastic surgery as a solution to their unending dissatisfaction with their body physical appearance (Gorbis, 2003). Almost all people who suffer from BDD seek solution to cosmetic surgery. As a surgeon, you should be able to discover someone suffering from this medical condition and recommend him/her to a psychologist. Any invention has both positive and negative sides but plastic surgery addiction would cause more harm to the body compared to the benefits associated with it. For instance, it can damage the skin and muscle tissue of an individual permanently. Another well-known harm caused by plastic surgery addiction is the permanent nerve damage. This may result to permanent loss of feeling and sensation in all the affected areas of an individual who have undergone plastic surgery repeatedly. Many individuals who undergo plastic surgery repeatedly to perfect their physical appearances in most cases end up with irreversible damage that make them look awful compared to their original appearances. Plastic surgery addiction cause more harm to the physical appearance of people with BDD instead of enhancing it. People suffering from BDD undergo plastic surgery so that they can attract attention from the public. They later regret when things go wrong. This is an indication that it should be discouraged and people suffering from BDD should be referred to a Psychiatrist or psychologist instead of a surgeon. Plastic surgery is not cost friendly at all. The operation is very expensive and its outcomes are sometimes not worth the price. What the addicted victims fail to understand is that, plastic surgery operation can only result to two things. That is, a great success or a failure. This means that, the more operations you undergo, the higher the risk of failure (Pruitt, 2009). Many individuals who are addicted to plastic surgery are attracted by what they see in the media. They watch successful surgeries of famous celebrities and think that it might as well work on. This is not usually the case and the individuals we watch on the media having successful surgeries sometimes develop problems at a later date. Plastic surgery addiction is very different from drugs and other things addiction in that it fulfills people physiological needs. Therefore, it is normally difficult for individuals who are not satisfied with their physical appearance to stop plastic surgery. This is something they are viewing in the mirror now and then. If they are not satisfied with what they see, they will definitely run to a surgeon so that the body part they feel is not well placed can be rectified. The problem with such an individual is that he/she is likely not to be satisfied with many body parts. Thus, resulting to a series of plastic surgeries so as to be satisfied with his/her physical appearance. In my opinion, I would only recommend plastic surgery to individuals who have a medical problem. I would never encourage cosmetic surgery because it is doing more harm than enhancing appearance of individuals who are undertaking it. Most people who are addicted to cosmetic surgeries perceive themselves in the wrong manner. They normally have their imaginary images on their minds which they think they can turn to after the operation. This normally does not happen and that is why they undergo so many operations before they realize they are destroying their images. Plastic surgery should only be carried out under medical conditions not for pleasure. Pictures are all over the internet showing how plastic surgery addiction has caused a number of celebrities to lose their good looks. Cosmetic surgery is not good at all because it has not worked well for people who have done it. They are suffering from negative impacts of plastic surgery addiction. It should be therefore be discouraged unless under medical conditions. Conclusion Plastic surgery is not bad if it is used for solving a medical condition. However, having a plastic surgery for beauty purposes or look young should be discouraged by all means. It should be discouraged because it might possibly lead to addiction. Physicians as well as public awareness concerning BDD should be increased to control the unnecessary plastic surgeries. Doctors should also try their best to identify troubled patients so that they can direct them to psychologist or psychiatrist who can advise them. There are other treatments other than surgeries which can help people who have problems with their physical appearance. Psychologist and psychiatrists can really assist individuals with plastic surgeries addiction. The only problem to the control of this addiction is that cosmetic and plastic surgery is so accessible and doctors have not provided a regulation on the number of surgeries an individual should undergo in a given period. Addiction for Plastic Surgeries. (2016, Nov 13).

Trip to India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Trip to India - Essay Example The bride is not allowed to take bath or showers until the wedding day and she remains a bit casual and is not allowed to go outside her house lest the evil spirits make her ill. The young girls encircle the bride, sing songs and perform various types of dances related to their popular culture including qawwali, bhangra, luddi, ghazal-contest and folk dance. The women of the families also join the young girls in their fervor and joys during the dance performance. The ceremony usually starts by the evening and ends within three to four hours. The second day of the whole ceremony is called henna ritual or â€Å"racism-e-mehndi† function. This function is either performed jointly by the families of bridegroom and bride or separately at their residences or ceremony-halls have been built for the same purpose. The function begins late at night and lasts usually until dawn. The ladies from the groom side enter the bride’s house carrying multi-colored candles, the bouquet of re d roses and other flowers, perfumes, multihued sweets in jubilant packing and the dresses and gold jewelry for the bride to be worn on the marriage day. The young girls divide into two groups and commence song contests with music particularly on â€Å"dhol† or drum-beat, which captures the attention of all the participants of the ceremony. Beetle or â€Å"paan† is served with tea before dinner, and the supper usually consists of rice with all pulses, which is called â€Å"daal-channel† in the local language.

Marketing essentials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing essentials - Essay Example It was originally named as Cadbury Schweppes Overseas Ltd (CSOL) after its merger with Schweppes. The mission of the organisation is to offer best quality products to its customers in order to enhance its market share and brand identity in the markets of the United Kingdom as well as globally (Cadbury, n.d.). Thus, in the year 2007, Cadbury undertook a vital strategic move and shifted from the sector of beverages towards confectionary, which not only augmented its corporate image and but its profit margin as well. It started developing various products such as ‘5 stars’, ‘Perk’, ‘Celebrations’, ‘Temptations’, ‘Diary Milks and Gems’. Along with this, it also has offered milk food beverage as well namely Bournvita. Thus, it can be affirmed that Cadbury is a renowned brand and in terms of financial aspect held annual revenue of ?5, 384 million in the year 2008 (Cadbury, n.d.). The major objective of this assignment is to p repare a marketing plan for Cadbury for the next one to three years. It also highlights the situation of the company and the market in the current scenario. The paper also focuses on the SWOT analysis and competitors’ analysis in order to evaluate the existing position of the organisation, Cadbury in the global market. Moreover, it also includes development of an innovative product idea for the organisation along with financial forecasts for the product for the future three years. Analysis of Company Situation Cadbury is a reputed organisation and it mainly operates in international confectionary market. It is the second leading supplier of chocolate and other sugar confectionaries in the market of the United Kingdom (Cadbury, n.d.). As the company is operating from many years so it has established an apparent market brand image that enhanced its position to a large extent among other leading competitors. Moreover, as the organisation is functioning in global markets, it incl udes high prospects of diversifying the booming products of one market to other emerging markets. This helps to augment the market share and uniqueness of the brand in the varied emerging markets all round the globe (Scribd, n.d.). Although Cadbury functions in more than 60 countries, the maximum turnover is originated from the markets of the United States, South Africa, Ireland and United Kingdom. Along with these, other promising markets namely India, Thailand and China also offer significant impact on the growth and development of the Cadbury brand. The other important factor, which enhanced the individuality of the brand among other apparent players in the market, is heavy concentration and investment over advanced technologies. This helped the organisation to offer various new products at an efficient cost, which enhanced the dependency and receptiveness of the customers (Scribd, n.d.). Thus, it facilitated in improvement of the financial situation of the organisation as well. In addition, the strong administration team with centralised hierarchical structure facilitates Cadbury in maintaining a uniform culture, which amplifies the

Argument Assignment- why prostitution should be legal in the U.S Essay

Argument Assignment- why prostitution should be legal in the U.S - Essay Example The reasons due to which legalizing prostitution should take place are that legalizing will decrease government spending, will decrease incidences and spread of HIV virus and this will even help in keeping the society safe from severe criminal activities One of the reasons due to which prostitution should be legalized is that legalizing has several economic benefits associated with it for the prostitutes as well as the government of United States. Prostitution is an act in which the prostitute willingly sells themselves and they mostly do so because they are in dire need of financial assistance. Since the government is recognizing prostitution as an illegal act, several prostitutes are arrested day by day for an act that they indulge in out of freewill. The most important point to be noted is that prostitution does not harms the overall society, its benefits and costs are beard by those who are purchasing prostitutes and by those who are selling themselves. Since prostitution is recognized as an illegal act, police is running after the parties involved to imprison them. Several prostitutes are being arrested every day and this is increasing the population of the jail and is even resulting in an increase of the government’s fi nancial expenditure. During the period of 1987, Jacobsen reported that the total cost of putting prostitutes behind bars and brining them to justice experienced by the government is around $2000/arrest (Jacobsen 135). FBI pointed out that the total number of prostitutes booked into correctional centers totaled to 56,560 individuals (FBI 1). Calculating the total cost bared by the government to deal with 56,560 individuals involved in prostitution may end up amounting to $113,120,000. If prostitution is recognized as a legal act, this government spending can be saved and used for other purposes and countering criminal activity

Health sciences and medicine Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health sciences and medicine - Case Study Example The initial lab evaluation entails the testing of the BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen). The test determines the volume of nitrogen in the blood that results from the by-product of urea (Desch & Motto 2007).   It establishes functioning of the kidney in the elimination urea from the blood. In a situation where the kidney is not functioning well, the blood urea nitrogen level increases. The test is beneficial since it enables the use of creatinine test to enable the finding of the Blood Urea Nitrogen to Creatinine ratio (BUN: creatinine) allowing the identification of dehydration problems in the patient. The laboratory result showed that the Blood Urea Nitrogen of the patient was 9.3 mmol/L. The result falls within the normal range that is recommended for children who are between 5 to18 mg/dL (Lehman, 2008).Haemoglobin Test      The test is usually to investigate blood conditions including anemia together with the hematocrit or complete blood count. The test is beneficial in the screeni ng, monitoring and diagnosis of diseases and conditions that impact on the red blood cells and the volume of hemoglobin in the blood. Conditions that lead to the loss or destruction of the red blood cells dues to bleeding makes the bone marrow unable to secrete new ones quickly hence leading to hemoglobin reduction and thus leading to anemia.The hemoglobin test on the patient arrived at a result of 82g/L that is low than the normal level that is between 120 to 140 g/L, hence suggesting that the patient is anemic.

Negative Effects of Mass Media on Teenagers Research Paper

Negative Effects of Mass Media on Teenagers - Research Paper Example Reason of creating this distinct research preference can be traced in the timing of each media introduced to the masses for consumption. Television has been discussed as the most common media affecting society and teenagers in particular because it is widely available to all classes in a society (Richards 3). Richards has examined the data set of the nationally representative ELS: 2002 research (third wave completed in 2006) conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) to find the overall impact of mass media (32). According to Richards, media has affected the altruistic pattern of volunteerism and regularity pattern of college attendance. It has been established on the basis of ELS: 2002 dataset that video games and television decreased the level of volunteerism but more frequent usage of internet has promoted the feeling of volunteerism among teenagers. As states Richarson: â€Å"†¦some of these coefficients and exponentiated odds may appear to be substant ively small, but are statistically significant. This is driven in part by the immense size of the data set used in the analysis (ELS:2002)† (81). Internet has caused some negative repercussions also on teenagers’ behavior pattern other than positive impacts. Negative effects of internet are related to â€Å"somewhat counterintuitive† as perceived from volunteerism’s perspective (Richards 82). ... cted negatively on a teenager’s attendance in college, as hours in a week devoted to video reduced college attendance by 4.6 percent for each single hour increase in playing games through video but in the case of internet surfing, things did not create a negative impact. As per data analysis, a teenager’s chances of attending classes increased with the relative frequency of internet surfing. The level of percentages in changed adolescent behavior when totaled creates a significant impression, particularly when we analyze the data on internet surfing by teenagers (Richards 82). One reason for the negative impact of television and video on teenagers’ behavior (Richards 82) could be that these means of mass communication are majorly used for entertainment purpose only, not for any educational pursuit. Negative effects of internet are negligible because this medium of mass communication offers two-way transaction for various educational pursuits. On the other hand, t elevision and video games serve the time passing purpose of teenagers only. It can be stated that in overall, television and video consumption in 2002 affected to a certain extent the altruism behavior of volunteerism in teenagers in 2006. Both mediums also affected the teenagers’ possibilities of going to college in 2006. However, it can not be derived from the analyses which medium impacted teenagers negatively and which medium of mass communication impacted them positively (Richards 82). Richards (83) has analyzed this trend in teenagers from cultural perspective, as certain cultural norms related to excessive watching of television and playing of video games come in the way of selflessness. Remaining involved all the time in watching television or playing video games uninterruptedly becomes a block

What Role Should Government Play In a Globalised World Essay

What Role Should Government Play In a Globalised World - Essay Example This essay stresses that the government of China in the light of the reforms brought about in the policy structure relating to economic, social and technological development is also focusing on the optimal utilization of the natural resource base. Optimal utilization of the existing resource base would help the country gain the due potential in gaining economic and social developments in sustained manner. This paper makes a conclusion that the event of globalization has paved the way for the mutual development of both developing and developed economies through the process of mutual interaction and the transfer of needed funds and infrastructural skills and expertise. With the gaining of needed know-how along with funding support through the gaining of foreign investments the countries are found to grow and develop along the parameters pertaining to manufacturing, innovation, social and economic fronts. However the government of different countries is required to incorporate changes in the policy and reform structures on such a note as would assist in the effective optimization of the opportunities gained in such a global climate. Herein focusing on the region of China the government of the region is found to bring about changes in the policy structure related to manufacturing, research and development functions and also related to labor relations to contribute in the overall developme nt of the social and economic situation of the region.

Occupational Therapy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Occupational Therapy - Research Paper Example To qualify as an occupational therapist, one should posses a post-baccalaureate degree form a credited university or college, a university of college certification that is deemed equivalent is also accepted. The minimum entry point for an occupational therapist is a master’s degree or higher occupational therapy. In addition, occupational therapists should receive his education form a organistion that has been accredited by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education (ACOTE) for him to qualify to sit for the national exam. Occupational therapists practice is regulated in all the 50 states, before getting a license, one should be trained in accredited institution and sat for the national certification exam. Qualified occupational therapists are warded the ‘Occupational Therapists Registered’ (OTR), however specific licensing vary from one state to another for example some states consider an education practice certification, education related classe s or the early intervention certification. In addition, one should have competed supervised field work (Wilcock & Townsend, 2009). Occupational therapists work in large rehabilitation centers, educational institutions, nursing care facilities, home heath care services, government agencies, and community care facilities, hospitals, employed in private practice and in ambulance services. Occupation therapy works alongside the field of medicine, sociology, anthropology, law and psychology and any other discipline that contributes to developing its knowledge base. In this case these profession work along with doctors, nurses, counselors, psychologies ,social workers, public health officers, med lab scientists, family members among other key players in improving the patients life. On average it costs $ 15,000 to complete the training, given that occupational therapists are becoming more popular in almost all health institutions, undertaking the course will be very beneficial both in the long run and short run. For instance, in 2008.there were 104, 500 0ccupatonal therapist in the US alone. 2. Legal Issues The general Federal laws on the practice of occupational therapy are I regard to certification and licensing. States have laws that slightly differ from one state to another, for example South Carolina’s statutes on this practice are found in Title 40 –Of Professions and Occupations Sec 40. In Ontario, the statutes based on this profession are were constituted through the occupational Therapy Act 1991 There are the standard general laws that should be adhered to in practicing occupational therapy, the first standard is professional standing and responsibility and his practice should be in consistent with established principles and concepts of theory and practice. The screening, evaluation and re evaluation are all the responsibilities of the occupational therapist in accordance with the federal and state law among other regulatory and payer requireme nt and AOTA law. Occupational therapists should ensure that the intervention plan is in accordance with the set requirement such as external accreditation program, state and federal law and within the relevant time frame. The occupational therapist should document and interpret related to the client’

Extreme Ice Essay Example for Free

Extreme Ice Essay In this documentary film, â€Å"Extreme Ice,† produced by PBS TV, 2009, James and scientists shows how glacier ice is melting. James Balog, a photographer, wanted to document and help scientists to understand mountain monumental changes. So he surveyed the ice and went to the places such as Alaska, Green land, etc. The project team which called â€Å"Extreme ice† discovered that there were very serious problems. The sun was the most reason of ice melting. But now, such as Industrial revolution and fossil fuels output green house gases alter the planet. For example, Columbia bay where is the fastest melting ice in the world, the ice is going to be collapsed faster than before. Scientists eventually discover about the mystery of the fast-melting ice at Columbia Bay. They announced that high temperature create more water and the water is melting ice because high pressure water cracked ice open and collapse. So Dr. Tad Pfeffer who is the one of the researchers suspected that if mountain glaciers are continuous melting, then people like living in Asia could not drink water. Frozen ice core record also support the reason. They have periodical ice in National Ice Core Lab in Colorado and it can distinguish between bubbles and pack of air. Late 1990s, Greenland is the hardest so far. But when they visited there, they figured out so many water drained out and it goes booming ice. Approximately 100million people will see to exist the melting ice on coastal countries such as Florida, Bangladesh, and Vietnam. Thats because the film Extreme Ice might mean quickly disappearing the ice and land increasingly.

The Dangers of Alcohol Used Minors Essay Example for Free

The Dangers of Alcohol Used Minors Essay â€Å"Plastered, Hammered, Wasted, Drunk, Lifted.. These are all terms my friends use on any given Friday or Saturday night to ask if I want to party for the weekend! When we do get to parties, kids are doing keg stands (Where someone holds your legs up in the air, you grab the keg with both hands, and someone else feeds your beer through the hose upside down. ) We play quarters, beer pong, and flip cup. The drinking games are endless as in the alcohol available to teens. â€Å"Hey Ryan, let’s go out tonight, find a few girls, and throwback a few brewskies! Temptation to drink alcohol as a minor is everywhere! Some corner stores sell it to us, older brothers and sisters get it for us, or we can just wait for someone who looks cool to go in and buy it for us. Before having to do the research on teens and alcohol, I truly did not think it was that big of a deal. I though alcohol was acceptable because everyone does it casually and in order to be popular, you want to fit in at the parties. I believed I could drink 6 beers and 2 shots and probably arrive home safely. I’ve seen kids drink 11-17 beers and still be standing. The amount teens are drinking is truly scary. I have even seen kids get behind the wheel, not realizing how intoxicated they were until they had to get out of the car. These things all frighten me. I know my mom would completely devastated if she knew I was drinking and driving. I have seen tragedy in alcohol related events with my friends, and I do not want to end up being statistic like they were. In March of 2011, 6 of my friends were consuming alcohol and taking Zanax Bars. They weren’t driving, but were so intoxicated, the home caught on fire, and they didn’t wake up in time to get out. All six of my friends died. I’ve seen my friends get arrested and thrown in the back of Police cars for Intoxication. I’ve had a friend fall asleep because she was so drunk and died from crashing her car. The dangers that I have experienced personally go on and on. Having to write this paper has really opened up my eyes to the shocking statistics of teen and alcohol abuse. First, let’s discuss why teens drink alcohol in the first place. Teenagers, like adults, drink alcohol for many different reasons, although some of them are different for teens. Teens are more likely to start experimenting with drinking if they have parents who drink, if they have friends who are also deinking, and if their parents don’t give those clear messages about not drinking outside the house. Also, Alcohol is a powerful drug and changes how you feel. Some of the initial sensations at lower blood alcohol levels are pleasant. It really makes you feel good and lose all the inhibitions you have when you are sober. You will say and do almost anything. It is this sensation that many teens crave. Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant. So if you’re tense or uptight, drinking some alcohol will, at least in the beginning, reduce some of that tension and will help you â€Å" chill out â€Å". We as teenagers need to consider talking with an adult you trust or a counselor if drinking is something we really want to do. Drinking, especially heavy drinking(4 or more women, 5 or more men) can significantly increase your risk for alcohol-related problems and health problems even as a teenager beginning to experiment with alcohol. It can cause dependency early on, pushing teens to try other things, and either end up in Juvenile Hall, rehab facilities, or even dead. Significant relationships were found between young people’s drinking behaviors and perceptions of risk and protective factors in the family environment. Parental monitoring was strongly associated with modifying teen behavior. There is a real need for alcohol misuse prevention interventions and classes in the high schools. I am currently a sophomore and have not had any classes or assemblies about the dangers of alcohol in teens. Now, let’s discuss the dangers of teen drinking.. Teens don’t just drink. They drink to excess. As I mentioned before, I have seen teenage boys drink even as much 17-18 beers in a night. More than 7 percent of eighth graders, 16 percent of sophomores and 23 percent of seniors report recent binge drinking ( 5+ drinks on the same occasion). Binge drinking used to mean drinking heavily over several days. Now, though, it means drinking way to much in a short amount of time. Liquor stores, commercials advertising alcohol, all make drinking seem attractive and fun. It is so easy for teens to get caught up in a social scene with lots of peer pressure to drink to fit in. Teens love the feeling of alcohol and the way it makes us â€Å"Bulletproof. † We believe it will make us feel good, but don’t think about getting sick or hung over the next day. It helps to relieve stress, but eventually just causes more. Drinking also makes teens feel older and more free. Statistics show that the majority of current teen drinkers got drunk in the previous month. That includes 50 percent of the high school sophomores who drink and 65 percent of the high school seniors who drink. Underage drinking is linked to injury and risky behavior. We can get alcohol poisoning, which is potentially life threatening. It can cause confusion, vomiting, seizures, and low body temperature. Finally, when I am adult and have children, I will educate them before they come in contact with the temptations of being a teenager. It’s easy to see why using alcohol as a solution to problems, or a way of trying to cope, is trouble. Drinking should never take the place of talking things through and working out difficulties in other ways.

Benefits of School Sports Programs: A Survey

Benefits of School Sports Programs: A Survey Memo of Transmittal   Subject: Need for more athletic events in school Problem: Selkirk College is a respectable school in the Kootenays region. This school has many branches such as Castlegar, Nelson, Trail etc. In this school, many international students are studying now such as from India, China, Japan and many other countries. They face many problems here like accommodation and work mainly due to which some students feel homesick too. They feel alone and stressed from studies and all the assignment work. In our school, hardly one or two cultural events and other athletics event occurs. Students who are from sports background love games very much, so they miss these types of events here. No doubt, the college always organizes many types of events like Intercultural Festival and small gaming competition, but these are not as big and organised as required and also they are held seldomnly. Solution: Our school management can make a decision about this. Physical activities can be added to the school curriculum without any academic disturbances and also can offer physical, emotional and social benefits. At every weekend friendly sports events should be held in our gymnasium. We should not force the students to take part in those events. In every semester, there should be one big Sports Event at college and an Annual function should be arranged for students. In these events different kinds of matches like Cricket, Basketball and Badminton should be organised and cultural dances, dramas and many more such things should be held. There should be prizes for top 3 students of classes for appreciation for their hard work. Conclusion: Schoolbased sports activities can bring out positive reactions and behaviors in students.   An annual function could encourage students to study more when they see their friends getting awards for their hard work. So the management should look after this issue and should take effective steps regarding this. I would thanks to Parmider Singh and Sarabjit Singh for their cooperation. Table of Contents (Jump to) List of Illustrations Executive Summary Introduction Discussion Sections Conclusions  and Recommendations   References List of Illustrations Graph 1: Students from different countries and their interest Figure 1: An example of intercultural events Executive Summary To summarize, I would like to say that we have less extra curriculum activities in our school which are really important for the overall growth of mind and health of students. We should start Yoga, Basketball, Cricket and many more classes at our campus. These classes may be considered individual or team depending on the kind of sport. I did survey and group discussions with many students in the college to discuss this topic and to know their views about these activities. Almost every student wants to see these kinds of extra curriculum activities to be organised in the college. Once in a semester these kinds of events and matches should be organised within different campuses of the college. So, at the end I hope the management and authorities of our college will also think about this change and they will start these kinds of events in coming days. I really appreciate those students who helped me to represent my views in front of the organization by supporting me. Introduction In this project, I have thrown some light on the issue of organising some extra curriculum activities for students in the college. This is a really important issue for all the students who feel stressed and bored from the studies and also the students who want to show their talent in sports. The college should organise some kinds of sports activities within its different campuses along with some cultural events once in a semester. However, at the end of the semester top 3 students should be awarded. This should be done at a bigger level and students from all courses should be welcomed. Due to this change, students will excel in their overall growth both physically and mentally. Moreover, there are many international students who feel homesick and alone in the college. So they will also be benefited from this. Also, students will be motivated by the watching others getting awards for their hard work. Discussion Sections I did survey regarding sports and other activities in college. In this survey, I asked to answer in between the rating of 0-10. Like if you strongly agree with the opinion then give 10 and so on according to your level of interest. My questions were- Do you miss your functions held in the past? Do you want to see those functions again in Selkirk College? How much is it important to organize functions and sports activities in college? Does it reduce stress level? Can we learn from this kind of activities? Can this kind of activities encourage students to study more and give competition to other students? Is it important for fitness purpose? Is it reducing homesickness up to some extent for international students? Do you think it could be great source of fun in this small town? In results, I got most of the students giving 8-10 for their answers. Moreover, I did group discussion with students from different countries. Firstly, I did with Indian students. They said they are missing those events which they enjoyed in Indian college and they are willing to enjoy those moments here too. When I discussed this matter with Canadian students they said they would love to see this kind of activities being organised in the college.   I just shared my Indian college event experience with them to explain them little bit. All the Chinese, Japanese students are agreeing and excited to see these functions. Because, we all believe through these events we can learn about different cultures and show our talents. Graph 1 Students from different countries and their interest We can see from this bar chart more than 70% of the students are agreeing to organize these functions and sports activities in this college. Fig 1: An example of intercultural events Conclusions After doing the survey with different types of students, we came to the result that more than 70% of the students agreed with our opinion and they also want to see these kinds of events in the college. We also found that the students are lacking in physical fitness which is affecting their overall growth. So, the authorities should take effective steps in this change for the betterment of the students. Recommendations In order to implement these changes the college should start giving free classes and coaching to the students like of Yoga, Cricket, Basketball and many more. The authorities should hire trainers and coaches in the college. Also, the sports department of the college should renovate the playing courts and grounds for the matches. Moreover, the Student Union department should isolate the students and should promote these kinds of events in the college. Intercultural events like Dance, Dramas should be organised at a bigger level in the college. References [1]  http://globalsportsdevelopment.org/benefits-of-school-based-sports/ [2]  http://www.sparkpe.org/blog/10-ideas-to-improve-your-schools-pe-program/ [3]  http://www.google.com [4]  http://yuva.epfl.ch/files/content/sites/yuva/files/YUVA%20Web%20folder/Cultural/2014/Event%20pics/Cultural%20Events.png Policy Analysis Paper: Caregiver Relief Act Policy Analysis Paper: Caregiver Relief Act Austina Burton The North Carolina state legislation I chose is house bill 99, or also senate bill 535. It is titled the Caregiver Relief Act. It was filed on February 13th, in 2013, in the House of Representatives (House, 2013). The primary sponsors in the house are Representative Alma Adams from Guilford County, and Representative Larry Hall from Durham County. Other sponsors in the house include Representatives Cunningham, Farmer-Butterfield, Floyd, Gill, Hamilton, Harrison, Insko, Moore, Pierce, and Wray (House, 2013). The Caregiver Relief Act was passed to the senate on March 28th, in 2013. The primary sponsors in the Senate are Senator Earline W. Parmon, who is from Forsyth County, and Senator Angela R. Bryant, who represents Halifax, Nash, Vance, Warren, and Wilson counties. Another sponsor in the North Carolina Senate was former senator Eleanor Kinnaird (Senate, 2013). The Caregiver Relief Act has costs, benefits, and stakeholders, and is effective and viable. Issue The Caregiver Relief Act is supposed to address a gap in the Family Medical Leave Act, also known as FMLA. The act would amend the labor laws to provide relief for caregivers in North Carolina (Caregiver, 2013). The purpose is to provide for supports in the workplace, under state law, for caregivers, who provide direct care to certain family members in need of care in those instances, where such leave would not be afforded to the caregivers under federal law. (Caregiver, 2013) The Caregiver Relief Act would extend the protections of the federal Family Medical Leave Act to allow employees to care for a sibling, grandparent, grandchild, stepparent, or parent-in-law.Should an employer offer FMLA benefits, the law already allows for an employee to take 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave (Caregiver, 2013). The general rule the relief act would put into place is: An employer, required to comply with the FMLA, shall provide the same leave to an employee to care for a sibling, grandparent, grandchild, stepparent, or parent-in-law, that the employee is entitled to under the FMLA at 29 U.S.C. sections 2614 and 2615, as amended, with respect to a spouse, son, daughter, or parent of the eligible employee for the eligible employee’s sibling, grandparent, grandchild, stepchild, stepparent, or parent-in-law. (Caregiver, 2013) Costs and Benefits The costs of the Caregiver Relief Act would be no different than the costs the Family Medical Leave Act has already implemented. An employee, who takes leave, is entitled to the same protections and rights that an eligible employee is entitled to under the FMLA (Caregiver, 2013). The leave granted under the relief act shall be taken in the same manner, and under the same conditions, and restrictions the use of leave in the FMLA applies. The benefits mostly revolve around the caregivers. According to the Caregiver Relief Act, it has been found that employees, with care responsibilities, add additional health care costs to employers due to their own poor health. It has also been found that caregiving supports in the workplace can save businesses significant money associated with reduced incidences of absenteeism, crisis in care, workday interruptions, supervisory time, and reduced hours (Caregiver, 2013). Stakeholders There were more people, and agencies, supporting the bill than criticizing it. Beth Messersmith, who is the campaign director of NC MomsRising, and co-coordinator of NC Families Care, shows support to the Caregiver Relief Act. The FMLA is a crucial piece of legislation, that has been used an estimated 100 million times to provide job-protected, unpaid leave to women and men across the country to recover from a serious illness, care for a new child, or care for a seriously ill spouse, parent, or child. It’s time to fill the gaps to ensure that all workers can fulfill their family responsibilities without falling out of the workforce. (Media, 2013) The NC Chapters of the National MS (multiple sclerosis) Society recognize that the demands of caregiving are being shared by more and more family members and support the Caregiver Relief Act (Media, 2013).Mary Bethel, who is the associate state director for advocacy for AARP North Carolina, stated, â€Å"Today’s reality is that we are a state of working family caregivers. North Carolina ranks 6th in the nation in the number of children cared for by their grandparents† (Media, 2013). Bethel made a good point about how much this bill is needed. North Carolina’s Senator Kinnaird said, â€Å"The FMLA has had a tremendous impact on the lives of North Carolina’s working families. Without expansion, many are unable to put family first.† She suggests that the FMLA needs to expand its protections, so family leave becomes more accessible (Media, 2013). Rationally Effective The Caregiver Relief Act is effective and feasible. It has been effective in the general assembly, not only because it has a lot of support, but because it is aiming for measurable results, and will achieve a rational outcome, if voted into law. Furthermore, other states, in the United States, have reformed the Family Medical Leave Act in some way. For example, the California Assembly passed their bill, number 592, which changed how employers handled maternity leave. This bill made it unlawful for an employer to interfere with the allotted leave time for woman who were pregnant (California, 2011). Other changes, that states have made, include expanding the definition of family beyond child, spouse and parent, increasing the allowable uses under the FMLA, establishing family leave insurance programs, and lowering the employer threshold (Media, 2013). Politically Viable The Caregiver Relief Act is politically viable. It is viable because it has political support, it is capable of succeeding, and it will work as intended too after it is implemented. First, it has political support from many representative and senators in the North Carolina General Assembly. Second, it has the capability to succeed in the house and the senate, and then, be put into law. The Caregiver Relief Act will succeed in fulfilling its intentions, and will have positive effects on caregivers. They will have more time for their loved ones, and they will have less stress from work related issues. Overall, the Caregiver Relief Act will fulfill its intention, which is to require employers to provide leave to an employee to care for a sibling, grandparent, grandchild, stepparent, or parent-in-law. It will do this by enforcing any right, or obligation, created by the policy, by a civil action (Caregiver, 2013). Social Worker Point of View As a social worker, who operates within the NASW Code of Ethics, I would support the Caregiver Relief Act. I would support it based on the fact that it is needed, and based on two different sections of the Code of Ethics. First, house bill 99 is needed because the elderly population is growing very rapidly. They represented 12.9% of the U.S. population in 2009 (Aging Statistics). According to the Administration on Ageing, by 2030, there will be about 72.1 million older persons. That is more than twice their number in 2000 (Aging Statistics). In addition, many of them will need caregivers. These caregivers will need some kind of assistance from their employers, so therefore they will not lose their jobs if they need to take extended leave to care for an older person. Based on the NASW Code of Ethics, it is a responsibility of a social worker to uphold the general welfare of society, and this includes advocating for living conditions (Code, 2008). Section 6.01, of the code of ethics, talks about social welfare, and how social workers should advocate for living conditions favorable to the fulfilment of basic human needs. This is one reason why I would support the Caregiver Relief Act. My concern is the welfare of the people that need caregiving. Also, the caregivers need a way to support themselves, while supporting the needs of the older adults they are helping. One place to give them support is in their workplace with the Caregiver Relief Act. Part ‘a’ of section 6.04 of the Code of Ethics, explains that social workers should seek to â€Å"ensure that all people have equal access to the resources, employment, services, and opportunities they require to meet their basic human needs.† It is part of a social workers job to engage in social and political action that would benefit people (Code, 2008). This legislation would benefit caregivers by giving them the resources they need, to stay afloat in the economy, if they are taking care of someone else. Conclusion In conclusion, House Bill 99, in the North Carolina General Assembly, would help mend a gap in the FMLA. It would extend the FMLA to count siblings, grandparents, grandchildren, and in-laws as people caregivers can take leave to care for. An employee, who takes leave, is entitled to the same protections and rights that an eligible employee is entitled to under the FMLA. One reason this is needed is because it has been found that caregiving supports in the workplace can save businesses significant money (Caregiver, 2013). Therefore, there are more people, and agencies, supporting the bill than criticizing it. A few are the campaign director of NC MomsRising, the NC Chapters of the National MS Society, and the associate state director for advocacy for AARP North Carolina (Media, 2013). The Caregiver Relief Act is effective and feasible. It has been effective in the general assembly, not only because of its support, but because it is aiming for measurable results and will achieve a rational outcome if voted into law. The Caregiver Relief Act is politically viable. It is viable because it has political support, it is capable of succeeding, and it will work as intended too after it is implemented. As a social worker, who operates within the NASW Code of Ethics, I would support the Caregiver Relief Act. Many states have expanded, or improved, the Family and Medical Leave Act already by lowering the employer threshold, expanding the definition of family beyond child, spouse and parent, increasing the allowable uses under the FMLA, and establishing family leave insurance programs. North Carolina lawmakers have taken important steps toward filling the gaps by introducing the Caregiver Relief Act. References Aging Statistics. (n.d.). Aging Statistics. Retrieved March 23, 2014, from http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/ Assembly Bill No. 592. (2011). California Legislation. Retrieved March 27, 2014, from http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/asm/ab_0551-0600/ab_592_bill_20111009_chaptered.pdf Caregiver Relief Act. (2013, February 13). General Assembly of North Carolina. Retrieved March 24, 2014, from http://www.ncleg.net/Sessions/2013/Bills/House/PDF/H99v1.pdf Code of Ethics (English and Spanish). (2008). Code of Ethics (English and Spanish). Retrieved March 23, 2014, from https://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/code/code.asp House Bill 99. (2013.). North Carolina General Assembly. Retrieved March 30, 2014, from http://www.ncleg.net/gascripts/BillLookUp/BillLookUp.pl?Session=2013BillID=H99 MEDIA RELEASE: Caregiver Relief Act would help working caregivers hold onto their jobs. (2013, April 1). North Carolina Justice Center. Retrieved March 30, 2014, from http://www.ncjustice.org/?q=workers-rights/media-release-caregiver-relief-act-would-help-working-caregivers-hold-their-jobs Senate Bill 535. (2013). North Carolina General Assembly. Retrieved March 30, 2014, from http://www.ncleg.net/gascripts/BillLookUp/BillLookUp.pl?Session=2013BillID=S535 Is College Essential For Employment? Is College Essential For Employment? Does college matter? What does college mean? Is college important to teenagers? Should college be essential for people to find a good job? Is everyone able to go to college? When we talk about college, these questions always come up. As a society, people have their own free ideas to plan their lives. A number of students decide to go to college to get a better and higher education, and to improve their wisdom associated with specific areas such as politics. Most of them think getting college degrees will lead them to find a great job, or even improve their personal qualities. On the other hand, some do not want to go to college. They consider that they do not need a college degree, as they think they can live better without four years of college life or they have other reasons to give up college studies. However, college still matters because going to college can increase one’s salary, make people more knowledgeable and also get students some different experiences. There is a hot debate over the value of college in this era of increasing student debt and high unemployment. Some people argue from the perspective of economy that people can live a better life without college degrees. The four years of college costs them much money or even forces them to burden huge debt. However, if they do not pay such a high debt or cost to the four years college life, they can earn much money within the four years. Since their friends or high school classmates graduated from the college, those who do not receive college education probably have had certain social and economic resources. In addition to the economic reasons, some people point that for those students who have supreme talents in specific areas do not necessarily need college degrees. For example, Bill Gates, the CEO of Microsoft, who dropped from Harvard and sought for his fortune in his twenties. At the beginning, people considered him crazy and irrational, as Harvard is the dream for most of people worldwide. However, Gates proved his choice was reasonable and rational with his amazing success and huge fortune. At this point, many people would claim that having a college degree is not important. Meanwhile, some people may propose that a college degree is not the unique channel to success. However, the success of other people cannot always be copied. In today’s society, the pursuit of college education contributes to the wisdom and great jobs. The richness of knowledge would increase the competitiveness for people in different fields. Receiving college education will cost a lot of money. People have to borrow money or take out educational loans to support their fees. However, based on the â€Å"The Rising Cost of Not Going to College†, it is found that 89% of college-educated Millennial are most likely to be recruited full time, while 82% of their less educated counterparts and less likely to be unemployed or fired. This data indicate that the college degree contributes to getting a good job, although people have to pay the expensive tuition. From the perspective of politics, the college education serves as an important engine for us to identify the difference between demagoguery and responsible arguments from politicians. It also expresses that people are living in a society with bombarded pleading or persuasions everyday such as advertisements, political appeals, and punditry of all kinds (243). All these are designed and established to capture our loyalty, money, and more specifically our vote. The most appropriate way to sustain a functioning democracy should be the wisdom of citizens that can distinguish the differences between demagoguery from responsible arguments. For this, it is quite necessary for us to receive college education, as the associated political issues would be introduced and well understood in college. Currently, most people aspire to get college degrees as a door opener to find great jobs. The survey concerning the rising cost of not going to college indicates that among Millennials, 46% of college graduates are significantly more likely to agree that their college degrees have been good a tool to find a job or a satisfied career than the 31% of their less educated counterparts. For those adults who receive higher education degrees in the college and training to improve their careers. Above the data indicate the advantage of a college education. On the one hand, education can confer the associated degree to the college students. Then, they can take this certificate of academic degree to find good jobs. On the other hand, their rich theoretical knowledge can well direct their practical techniques in the actual business. Compared with the less educated counterparts, people who have received college education will be more acute and more intellectual than their less educated counterpa rts. When I came to college, I met plenty of challenge and new experiences. In UCSB, there are students from all around the world. Most of them speak English but others speak their own languages. I have heard stories from English , Korean and Italian people, and those stories are exciting and wonderful. In addition, I have joined sport clubs that I had never thought about before. I do not like sports but I change my mind because at college, I met some weak people who still do exercise during their leisure time. If I did not go to college, I truly believe that I would have stayed inactive and I could not get those precious experiences. My own experience shows that receiving college education improves personal qualities. That is, college education fosters people’s sense as well as their mind to experiences that would be foreclosed to them. For most college students, the college education enriches their capacities to read mandatory literature works and to catch basic political concepts. Meanwhile, college education contributes to the improvements of alertness to color and form, melody and harmony. In this way, as people gradually grow old, they will feel grateful for the college education they received. It delivers them the capability of appreciation towards our daily lives. Such an education performs as a hedge against utilitarian values. After receiving college education, people’s aspiration for contact with works of arts that somehow register one’s own longings and yet exceed what one is able to express by and for oneself. It also points out that people need â€Å"the inside of your head to b e an interesting place to spend the rest of your life† (244). The benefits of receiving college education would be larger than those who do not pursue a college education. The college education contributes to more employee opportunities. People can enjoy their political rights at their own will without being distracted. Also, college education can equip people with knowledge to compete with others including less educated counterparts. Finally, college education can improve people’s understanding towards life. That is, the attitudes, assumptions and way of thinking towards the life will be well enhanced by knowledge. From the above analysis, college still matters. Cited Page Delbanco, Andrew. â€Å"Three Reasons College Still Matter.† American Now: Short Readings  from Recent Periodicals. Ed. Robert Atwan. Boston: Bedford/St Martin, 2013. 243-247. Print. â€Å"Disparity among Millennials Ages 25-32 By Education Level in Terms of Annual.† Earning†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Pew Research Centers Social Demographic Trends Projects RSS. Pew Research Center, 1[CW1]0 Feb. 2014. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. http://www.pewsocialtr[CW2]ends.org/2014/02/11/ the-rising-cost-of-not-going-to-college/ sdt-higher-education-02-11-2014-0-01/>. [CW1]This page does have a date at the top of the article. [CW2]MLA suggests adding the URL so the reader can find it directly.

Dismantling the Wall Essay -- Literary Analysis, Robert Frost

The storyline in most high school English classes is the analyzing or overanalyzing of poetry. Often this train of thought winds into a one-track argument between teacher and students. The pupils object about readers manufacturing meaning where none exists; the instructor insists that the poem merits deep examination. Granted, some poets write simple poems for the primary sake of entertainment (i.e. Jack Prelutsky). However, some poets manage to compound a dense significance into a concise poem, and these poems warrant the analysis of their deep meaning. Robert Frost is one poet capable of creating these masterpieces of poetry, such as tackling a subject as grand as the Apocalypse and commenting on it in terms of fire and ice (â€Å"Fire and Ice†). Frost succeeds in the task again in his poem â€Å"Mending Wall,† which literally tells the story of two men who, following every winter, repair the stone wall that separates their fields. In this poem, Frost implements a specific physical structure along with poetic devices including, dialogue and metaphors to derive a deeper social commentary from a common occurrence- building a wall. The physical construction of the poem â€Å"Mending Wall† reflects the literal wall and the metaphorical barrier being erected between the two men. Instead of dividing his poem into stanzas, Frost â€Å"presents an unbroken sequence of lines† (Andrews 1). First, the poem is left justified over its entirety and lacks any stanza breaks. These two characteristics cause the poem to appear on the page as resembling a jagged, serrated wall. The effect can be truly revealed by tilting the poem sideways, placing the flat (left justified) side on the bottom and the jagged edge on top. The poem physically appears as a stone wall... ...a common border. Through double meanings and an effective story and title, Frost is able to entertain with strong poetry while conveying his subliminal commentary. To summarize, Frost’s â€Å"Mending Wall† is a work of respectable value not only for its poetic ingredients but also for its multi-faceted secondary meanings. Beneath the first layer of context lays a deep social commentary that is apparent through engaged analysis. Whether in support or dissent of the excessive examination of poetry, â€Å"Mending Wall† by Robert Frost possesses the poetic devices of traditional works and a deeper social commentary that is expected from Robert Frost. The meeting of rational thinking and primitive instinct occurs in society regularly. Human beings share this duality within themselves, and this poem depicts the struggle between the two points of view, the two sides of the wall.

Nicholas: The Last Tsar :: essays research papers

In his book, The Last Tsar, Edvard Radzinsky describes a very interesting viewpoint of the life and death of Nicholas Alexandrovich, the last Russian Tsar. Radzinsky's illustration of this ill-fated monarch follows the diaries of Nicholas from their beginning on March 1, 1881, to the final entry on July 16, 1918.1 Radzinsky mainly goes over pre-marital relationship between Nicholas and Alexandra, the medical condition of Nicholas' son, Alexei, and the imprisonment and execution of Nicholas and his family. The relationship between Nicholas II and Alexandra began in 1884. Alexandra, the daughter of Louis IV, the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt, a tiny state in Germany, was born in 1872.2 Her grandmother was Queen Victoria of England, her oldest sister married an English prince, her second sister married a Russian Grand Duke and her third sister married a German prince. Nicholas and Alexandra met during the wedding of her second sister, Ella, to Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. Alexandra was only twelve and Nicholas was only sixteen, but he stated in his diary that he fell in love with her a first sight. Nicholas' father, Tsar Alexander III, did not approve of Alexandra, because of the fact that she was the granddaughter of the English Queen. Instead, he suggested that Nicholas marry a princess from the House of Orleans. His decision was basely mainly on politics, as he was striving for an alliance between Russia and France. Alexander's suggestion did not have any effect on Nicholas, as he seemed certain to marry his childhood sweetheart, Alexandra. That day came in 1894, when Alexander was on his deathbed, suffering from a kidney disease that he had contracted in a train wreck six years earlier. On April 8, 1894, at the wedding of Alexandra's brother, her and Nicholas were engaged.3 On November 14, 1894, a month after the death of his father Nicholas married Alexandra and officially became the tsar of Russia.Alexei Nikolaevich, the first son of Nicholas and Alexandra was born on July 30, 1904, following the births of four daughters. The problem of who would rule Russia in case of an accident to Nicholas was solved. However, there was a new problem, as Alexei was diagnosed with hemophilia. Hemophilia is a disease that weakened the walls of the arteries so that "any blow or intense pressure can cause the blood vessels to burst and can mean the end."4 Rumours of a holy man, named Grigory Rasputin, however, living in the backwoods of Siberia gave rise to Alexander's hopes that her son's hemophilia could be cured.

Ebonics Essay examples -- Culture American Language Rap Ebonics Essays

Ebonics INTRODUCTION The main topic of this paper is the USA, and I have chosen to concentrate on a fairly new issue, the language know as Ebonics. There have always been changes in the English language. This is how the language came about and evolved from standard British English to American English. During the last few years, as the world has become more sensitive to the rights of minorities, women, animals, etc. a new form of changes has taken place. These changes have become known as Political Correctness. Ebonics is the political correct version of Afro-American English. I intend to show that – and comment on how – racialism and competition affects a society and how this, in the case of Ebonics, is actually happening in today's America. Nuuk February 1997 Ral Fleischer THE QUESTIONS ASKED I will attempt to answer the following questions about Ebonics; - what is Ebonics? - what are the underlying reasons behind Ebonics? - who is prospering from Ebonics? What is Ebonics? Most people outside of America have at most but a vague idea of what Ebonics is all about. Apart from being a buzzword in American media since December 1996 what are the fundamental concepts behind this expression? Where, how and when did it start, and who started it? What are the underlying reasons behind Ebonics? To fully understand Ebonics, some historical background is needed. One has to have some knowledge on how the English language has developed in America. Furthermore one has to be aware how the American society is loaded down with the influence of stereotypical thinking, racialism and competition. In his autobiography, the famous black spokesman, Minister Malcolm X, portrays the undisguised hostility that exists between white and black people in America. He illustrates this conflict with the following words: "†¦You cannot find one black man, I do not care who he is, who has not been personally damaged in some way by the devilish acts of the †¦ white man!. The greatest miracle †¦ in America is that the black †¦ has not grown violent †¦ they would have been justified by all moral criteria, and even by the democratic tradition" (The Autobiography of Malcolm X, page 371 & 349) Is Ebonics simply the democratic consequence, a black non-violent upraise against the "devilish acts of the white man" as as foreseen by Malcolm X? Who is pros... ...h standard of excellence for all its students. 2). Oakland Unified School District is providing its teachers and parents with the tools to address the diverse languages the children bring into the classroom. 3). The District's objective is to build on the language skills that African-American students bring to the classroom without devaluing students and their diversity. We have directly connected English language proficiency to student achievement. 4). The term "genetically-based" is synonymous with genesis. In the clause, "African Language Systems are genetically based and not a dialect of English," the term "genetically based" is used according to the standard dictionary definition of "has origins in." It is not used to refer to human biology. Hooked on Ebonics, p. 50 Ebonics: A Way to Close the Learning Gap?, p. A01 Among Linguists, Black English Gets Respect, p. A10 Race, Culture and Intelligence, p. 104 Two Nations, Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal, p.42 Ebonics: A Way to Close the Learning Gap?, p. A01 Synopsis of the adopted policy on standard American English Language development, appendix 1 Ebonics: A Way to Close the Learning Gap?, p. A01

Describe the Potential Effects of Discrimination

Applied Business Unit 8: Business Planning Task 6 Worksheet Task Six: Financial Planning YOU CANNOT START AND/OR COMPLETE THIS WITHOUT A FINAL SALES FORECAST AND A LIST OF ALL YOUR OPERATIONAL COSTS ————————————————- Lesson breakdown ————————————————- Lesson 1: †¢Introduction to Financial Planning and how do we create an integrated plan: Focus on cash flow forecast using operations plan ————————————————-Lesson 2+3: Cash flow analysis and develop aims and objectives; ————————————————- Introduce ‘ILP-time-off’ work to do  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Lesson 4: Cash flow revisions, Problem spotting based on cash flow and develop aims and objectives ————————————————- Lesson 5: Profit and loss account and Financial Ratio Analysis and developing aims and objectives ————————————————- Lesson 6: Break Even analysis and then develop aims and objectives ————————————————-Lesson 7: Final Amendments to Financial Planning; Problem spotting based on P&L, ratio analysis, break-even and develop plan Task 6 Brief Overview * In this section, you are going to produce financial documents for yo ur business proposal. You will need to use the sales forecasts and operations plan that you produced earlier. This section is important as you are attracting investment and assessing the viability of your plan * Calculate, analyse and evaluate the following; Use these subheadings in your report * Size and duration of budget * Start-up costs Running costs * Cash flow forecast * Break even analysis * Financial ratios * Profit and loss * Analyse all your financial documents showing detailed consideration for the Aims and Objectives: * Are they achieved? * If not what are the possible problems this can cause your business? * Can you think of any solutions to help you to overcome these problems so that you could achieve your aims? SUBMISSION OF TASK 6 The following is to be submitted as a Word document Use the following headings for your submission of your Financial Plan 1st submission.Copy and paste these into your final document: Submit all work on moodle for deadline 3rd December 2010 (4:15PM) 1. Financial Planning (main heading) 2. Cash Flow Forecasting Table (MB4 students need to submit 2 (+? )CFF Tables) a. Cash Flow Forecasting analysis (of each CFF produced) 3. Profit and Loss statement and Financial Ratios Table (MB4 students need to submit 2 (+? )P&L and F/R Tables) b. Profit and Loss statement and Financial Ratios analysis (of each P&L and F/R produced) 4. Breakeven Table (MB4 students need to submit 2 (+? )Breakeven Tables) . Breakeven analysis (of each Breakeven produced) TASK 6 FINANCIAL PLANNING CONTENT/ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST CRITERIA CASH FLOW FORECASTING| 1. Start-up budget: | a) 12 monthly graph (Cut and paste information from your cash flow forecast for your first graph)| b) Analysis needs to consider:| I. You must have an in-depth explanation of how these could achieve the aims and objectives of your business proposal. | II. Research used to underpin and develop aims and objectives/ownership/key personnel| III. Research used to underpin an d develop business idea| IV.Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also your aims and objectives:| V. What changes to your original idea/USP/aims do you have to consider in light of this new data? | 2. Running costs: | a) 12 monthly graph (Cut and paste information from your cash flow forecast for your first graph)| b) Analysis needs to consider:| I. You must have an in-depth explanation of how these could achieve the aims and objectives of your business proposal. | II. Research used to underpin and develop aims and objectives/ownership/key personnel| III.Research used to underpin and develop business idea| IV. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also your aims and objectives:| V. What changes to your original idea/USP/aims do you have to consider in light of this new data? | 3. 12 monthly Cash Forecast: 1 : Your initial forecast used to help identify problems| a) Analysis needs to consider:| I. You must have an in-depth explanati on of how these could achieve the aims and objectives of your business proposal. | II. Research used to underpin and develop aims and objectives/ownership/key personnel| III.Research used to underpin and develop business idea| IV. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also your aims and objectives:| V. What changes to your original idea/USP/aims do you have to consider in light of this new data? | 4. MB4 12 Monthly Cash Forecast: 2: A working example of your solutions to your identified problems in CFF1| a) Analysis needs to consider:| I. You must have an in-depth explanation of how these could achieve the aims and objectives of your business proposal. | II.Research used to underpin and develop aims and objectives/ownership/key personnel| III. Research used to underpin and develop business idea| IV. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also your aims and objectives:| V. What changes to your original idea/USP/aims do you have to co nsider in light of this new data? | PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT| 5. Profit and Loss Account 1 : Your initial forecast used to help identify problems| a) Analysis needs to consider:| I. You must have an in-depth explanation of how these could achieve the ims and objectives of your business proposal. | II. Research used to underpin and develop aims and objectives/ownership/key personnel| III. Research used to underpin and develop business idea| IV. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also your aims and objectives:| V. What changes to your original idea/USP/aims do you have to consider in light of this new data? | 6. MB4 Profit and Loss Account 2: A worked example of your solutions to your identified problems in P&L1| b) Analysis needs to consider:| VI.You must have an in-depth explanation of how these could achieve the aims and objectives of your business proposal. | VII. Research used to underpin and develop aims and objectives/ownership/key personnel| VII I. Research used to underpin and develop business idea| IX. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also your aims and objectives:| X. What changes to your original idea/USP/aims do you have to consider in light of this new data? | FINANCIAL RATIOS| 7. Financial Ratios: Gross and Net Profit for P&L account 1| a) Analysis needs to consider:|I. You must have an in-depth explanation of how these could achieve the aims and objectives of your business proposal. | II. Research used to underpin and develop aims and objectives/ownership/key personnel| III. Research used to underpin and develop business idea| IV. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also your aims and objectives:| V. What changes to your original idea/USP/aims do you have to consider in light of this new data? | 8. MB4 Financial Ratios: Gross and Net Profit for P&L account 2| a) Analysis needs to consider:| I.You must have an in-depth explanation of how these could a chieve the aims and objectives of your business proposal. | II. Research used to underpin and develop aims and objectives/ownership/key personnel| III. Research used to underpin and develop business idea| IV. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also your aims and objectives:| V. What changes to your original idea/USP/aims do you have to consider in light of this new data? | BREAKEVEN| 9. Breakeven table and calculation:1 : Your initial forecast used to help identify problems| a) Analysis needs to consider:| I.You must have an in-depth explanation of how these could achieve the aims and objectives of your business proposal. | II. Research used to underpin and develop aims and objectives/ownership/key personnel| III. Research used to underpin and develop business idea| IV. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also your aims and objectives:| V. What changes to your original idea/USP/aims do you have to consider in light of this new data? | 10. MB4 Breakeven table and calculation:2: A working example of your solutions to your identified problems| b) Analysis needs to consider:|VI. You must have an in-depth explanation of how these could achieve the aims and objectives of your business proposal. | VII. Research used to underpin and develop aims and objectives/ownership/key personnel| VIII. Research used to underpin and develop business idea| IX. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also your aims and objectives:| X. What changes to your original idea/USP/aims do you have to consider in light of this new data? | TASK 6 ASSESSMENT GUIDE: HOW TO ACHIEVE THE BEST RESULTS? * You are assessed in Task 6 for BOTH AO2 and AO3 marks AO2 is marked out of 22 marks and all learners should be aiming for a minimum of MB4 which is 17/22 marks * AO3 is marked out of 14 and at this stage all learners should be aiming for a minimum of MB4 which is 11-14 marks. * We will award high marks for those learne rs who can: * Purposefully select data from a wide range of sources, * Analyse the problem and possible solutions * Develop their plan based upon research. * Give an in-depth explanation of how the marketing plan could achieve the aims and objectives of the business proposal. AO2 ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES MB1| MB2| MB3| MB4| 2 3 4 5| 6 7 8 9 10| 11 12 13 14 15 16| 17 18 19 20 21 22| A business plan which includes aspects of the marketing plan. A description of how this supports the aims and objectives of the business proposal. | A business plan which contains the marketingPlan. A basic explanation of how this contributes to achieving the aims and objectives of the business proposal. | A business plan which contains a developed marketing plan. An explanation of how this could achieve the aims and objectives of the business proposal. | A business plan which contains comprehensive marketing plan.An in-depth explanation of how this could achieve the aims and objectives of the business propo sal. | * Aspects of the components are produced * Superficial coverage of aims and objective| * The components are complete * Aims and objectives are broadly considered| * The components are complete and developed * Beginning to target particular aims and objectives, but lacks precision| * The components are complete, developed and address the key parts of the problem * Targeting particular aims and objectives with precision| AO3 ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES MB1| MB2| MB3| MB4| 2 3| 4 5 6| 7 8 9 10| 11 12 13 14| Collects some up-to-date data from a limited range of sources. Uses numerical and/or non-numerical techniqueson the collected data to provide a partial analysisof the requirements of:†¢ the marketing plan†¢ the operations plan†¢ the financial plan. Uses the results of the analysis to identify some relevant elements of the business plan. | Selects some up-to-date data from a limited range of sources. Uses numerical and/or non-numerical techniques on selected data to p rovide a partial analysis of therequirements of:†¢ the marketing plan†¢ the operations plan†¢ the financial plan.Uses the results of the analysis to outline a relevant business plan. | Selects relevant and up-to-date data from a range of sources. Uses appropriate numerical and/or non-numericaltechniques on selected data to provide a partial analysisof the requirements of:†¢ the marketing plan†¢ the operations plan†¢ the financial plan. Uses the results of the analysis to develop a relevant business plan, which considers the aims and objectives, form of ownership and key personnel required. Selects relevant and up-to-date data from a wide range of sources. Uses appropriate numerical and/or non-numericaltechniques on selected data to analyse the requirementsof:†¢ the marketing plan†¢ the operations plan†¢ the financial plan. Uses the results of the analysis to develop a consistentand integrated business plan, showing detailedconsideration o f the aims and objectives, form of ownership and key personnel required. | MB1| MB2| MB3| MB4| 1 2 3| 4 5 6| 7 8 9 10| 11 12 13 14|Collects data from a limited range of sourcesProcesses dataIdentifies some elements of the plans components| Selects data from a limited range of sourcesProcesses selected dataOutlines components of the plan| Purposefully selects dataAnalyses key parts of the problem or practical solutionsDevelops components of the plan| Purposeful selects data from a wide range of sourcesAnalyses key parts of the problem AND practical solutionsDevelops integrated components of the plan| Follow the below detailed overview of each task for advice and help on how to achieve MB4 for Task 6Task 6 MB4 Detailed Overview CASH FLOW FORECAST, ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT Lesson 1: Task 1 1. Download cash flow forecast from moodle 2. Complete pre start up budget (SEE CASE STUDY!! ) 3. Complete pre start-up costs calculated from T5 4. Insert monthly sales figures from final sales forec ast 5. Insert monthly fixed costs calculated from T5 6. Insert monthly variable costs from T5 Lesson 2+3: Task 2 Analysis * All marks gained with this task is from your analysis of your financial data; not from your reports themselves. ————————————————-Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also how your aims and objectives can/can’t be achieved Learners can achieve MB4 in A02/A03 by following the Financial Planning Assessment Objectives which requires them to identify problem areas and developing practical solutions to consider alternative perspectives. What you will need to include will depend on your individual business proposal. You need to identify areas of weakness such as high fixed costs, start up costs? * Perhaps you need a cash injection by selling equity to help you pay for start up costs? It could be you source alternative suppli ers for your variable costs or project that you will pay 30 days later which is to improve your working capital. * What is happening to the figures in the net cash flow cells, are you losing money each week? * This is a cash flow negative situation. * Or are you cash flow positive? * How long before you are cash flow positive? * Why is this so long? Lesson 3+4: Task 3 MB4- Revised cash flow forecast * MB4- You need to produce a refined Cash Flow forecast based upon the analysis of the key issues identified in T6 task 2. This is to include the developments you have made. Label this Cash Flow Forecast 2. * You need to analyse CFF2: * Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also if your aims and objectives can be met- How/Why? PROFIT AND LOSS and FINANCIAL RATIOS Lesson 4: Task 1 1. Download Profit and loss template from moodle 2. Insert sales for year 1 from your final sales forecast 3. What is the total cost of these sales? How much were the total variable cos ts related to the output. These are costs such as ingredients, packaging or price of the club. Put this figure in Direct costs/cost of materials sold 4.Calculate A-B to = C which is the identification of Gross Profit 5. Insert all other costs for the year in the respective headings, adding headings where needed. 6. Add up all your total overheads and insert this figure in D 7. Calculate C-D to identify Net Profit or Loss Figure 8. Calculate your Gross Profit MB4- Task 1 b Revised PROFIT AND LOSS and FINANCIAL RATIOS You must now repeat this action again for the second cash flow forecast figures * You need to analyse P&L2 AND F/R2: * Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also if your aims and objectives can be met- How/Why?Task 2= Financial Ratios Overview Profitability ratios are a key source of information for both investors and business planners. They provide a clear image of the business both in terms of your costs and profit. A strong ratio can be t he difference between investment and failure. Task A 1. Use the figures in your first profit and loss account to calculate Gross Profit Ratio. ————————————————- Gross Profit margin: ————————————————- A measurement of how much profit the business has made on its buying and selling activities. ———————————————— How good a business is at trading. ————————————————- Gross Profit margin= Gross Profit/turnover (Sales Revenue) X 100 (%) ——————————————†”—- The higher the % the better, e. g. ————————————————- A GPM of 45% means that for every ? 1 of sales, the firm makes 45p in gross profit 2. Use the figures in your first profit and loss account to calculate Net Profit Ratio. ————————————————- Net Profit margin: ———————————————— It is a measure of how much overall profit the business has made after taking into account all relevant costs that have been incurred. ————————————————- Net profit margin= net profit/turnover (sales revenue) X 100 —————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- The higher the % the better, e. g. ————————————————- A NPM of 45% means that for every ? 1 of sales, the firm makes 45p in pure profit Task B MB4 Complete for 2nd profit and loss account if constructed CFF2 Task 3= Analysis You must now undertake a critical analysis of each profit and loss account with clear reference and commentary related to the key issues such as profit or loss, gross profit, overhead costs, GPM, NPM etc * Clearly relate back to the businesses achievement of its aims and objectives (explain HOW AND WHY THEY ARE ACHIEVED), developing or revising your aims where necessary in your business plan. * Make clear reference to the FIGURES from your profit or loss, gross profit, overhead costs etc * You must undertake a critical analysis of each financial ratio * Identify and pr oblems and/or solutions: Are you profitable? If so†¦ by how much? * Can you grow? * Which costs are too high? * How can you improve your profitability? * What are the possible knock-on effects of these solutions for your business> * Which costs could be reduced? If so what would the possible impact of this be on your business idea? * Which costs cannot be reduced further? Why? What problems does this bring up? * How does a cash injection help or hinder the financial ratios/P&L? BREAK EVEN Task 1 1. Download the Breakeven table from Moodle 2.Input into the table your Annual Revenue (TR), annual FC and VC (with total FC and VC), and total costs. 3. You must then divide the total variable costs by the number of units you are selling in a year ( units can be the bottles/ no of clubbers you expect/ etc in a year) 4. This will give you the variable cost /unit 5. You must now calculate the break even OUTPUT point using the formula: 6. MB4 Calculate Break Even 2 from your revise d financial documents 7. All marks gained with this task is from your analysis of your financial data; not from your reports themselves. Identify problems and solutions with your plan (develop it) and also if your aims and objectives can/cant be achieved * Do you break even? * If so at what output? * Work out from your sales forecast when you will reach this breakeven output level * What aims can be achieved? How? Why? * If you don’t breakeven; why not? * You need to identify areas of weakness such as high fixed costs, start up costs, raw materials, low selling price? * What aims cant be achieved? How? Why? * What could you do to solve this breakeven problem? (hint: see changing B/E variables section) 8.MB4 analyse the effect of changing variables (FC, VC and/or Price) on the break even figure. * Calculate the effect of changing variables (FC, VC and/or Price) on the break even figure: * Analyse these break even scenarios and link to your aims and objectives. * What is the ef fect on breakeven level? * What are the potential problems you have identified with your break even? * Are there any solutions you can recommend to the business? * Such as reducing selling price? * Increasing selling price? * Increase advertising to increase sales? Reducing fixed or variable costs further? etc

Turkish Reform Under Mustafa “Ataturk” Kemal

Turkish Re class nether Mustafa Ataturk Kemal A Review on the sextuplet pointers of Kemalism In the later onmath of World contend I, the once great footstool conglomerate was left in shambles. After having deep in thought(p) almost all of the empires territory to European mandates in 1918, what petty(a) they had left became occupied by ally troops. In order to re acquire the Turkish mint to their condition glory, the Turkish warfare for Independence was fought, resulting in the creation of a raw(a) organization in Ankara. By 1923, this g all overnment declared the end of the quilt conglomerate and proclaimed the name of the Turkish farming.At the forefront of this youthful soils birth was Mustafa Kemal, a man who would accrue to be k in a flashn as Ataturk, or Father Turk for his contri saveions to the establishment and reforms of this young recount. smooth what exactly did this Ataturk do for the body politic of dud? In order to insure how a lot an exerci se Kemalist ideology had on the premature on days of the Turkish body politic, unmatch satisfactory essential define the six basic formulas fuck it, known as the sestet Arrows, assure how they were implemented in the early republic, and take apart the motives behind Kemals specific reforms.After doing thusly, wholeness will discover that, had it not been for the influence of Kemalism, washout would never need hold protrudeed in its late form. The maiden of the Six Arrows is Republi fagism. republicanism can be defined as a form of government in which the people rule indirectly. Unlike the former nance pudding st cardinal, in which the primary ruler was the grand Turk who inherited his position by dint of his genealogy, the Turkish Republic was conceived as a soil by means of and finished which wageratives from among the people would make decisions (86-88). In order to see this predilection of Republicanism come in to fruition, the long standing grand Turk ate had to be turn.Though Kemal think for this to be a reality since the early days of the War for Independence, he unplowed this agenda a secret from the man in order to keep morale and war support high. Had he denote the thinking of Republicanism earlier, he might not have been backed by the much(prenominal) than traditionalist orbits of the province. Even after securing success in the war in 1922, Kemal met with many difficultness in ending the sultanate. Firstly, since its historical foundation under Osman I, the Ottoman imperium had always been ruled by a sultan. This duration-honored tradition do the bolishment charge more difficult due to the position that for the past four centuries, the Ottoman sultan occupied the position of caliph of Sunni Islam. So long as the same skeletal frame was assigned to both roles, Kemal would have difficulty ending either unitary. Therefore, in an multitude discussing the nature of the caliphate and sultanate, Kemal claim ed that, aside from the Four right Guided Caliphs, the position had become politicized and drifted from its sea captain purpose of wholly directional the Moslem populace on a uncanny level, bereft of any temporal function.His organise to the assembly resulted in the separation of these cardinal removeice staffs and the end of the sultanate. spot the last sultan, Mehmed VI, was expelled from the nation shortly afterward, his cousin, Abdulmecid Efendi, took the position of Sunni Caliph something which Mustafa Kemal would shoot with in the years to come (Hanioglu 135-40). In September of 1923, Kemal declared the founding of what would in the end become the Republican Peoples Party, make up of representatives from all walks of bearing including farmers, scholars, merchants, and common workers which would be adequate to represent the people adequately (143).That October would see Kemals declaration of the nation of misfire as a republic through a unanimous decision from the National Assembly, who would hence elect him as the first death chair of the Republic of turkey (Volkan 236-237). The next Kemalisms Six Arrows is Populism. In his review on Turkish account, Sina Aksin describes populism as an ideology which unspoiltguards the people, promoting policies for the benefit of all. While populism as a principle designed to bring about what it deems silk hat for the populace as a whole, it is excessively have-to doe with with enacting remove for the better of the minority and individual, bringing all groups within the Turkish nation to a common standing, so long as much(prenominal) change has a positive effect on the mainstream society (Aksin 231). One of the most constitutional ways that Kemal brought this principle to life was through the emancipation of womens rights. Being a heavily traditional Muslim society, the Ottoman Empire allowed women precise few unembellisheddoms.Mustafa Kemal, on the opposite hand, borrowing from the Swi ss levelheaded system, actual newistic laws which gave Turkish women more rights. Previously, it had been accept satisfactory for a man to tie several women and disjoin his wife at his own discretion, where as a charr was unable to ever leave her married man on her own accord. under the new laws, men were all allowed to have a individual(a) wife through a civil marriage, which could totally be dissolved through a civil divorce process.Furthermore, until the new civil codes came into existence, traditional Muslim sharia law except allowed a woman to inherit up to half the value of a mans inheritance, regard little of her familial position. Women were finally granted the ability to enter a topic of different lines of work, the most fundamental of which were t separatelying method positions (Mango 437-38). Perhaps an even greater social change in the Turkish nation came with the end of the millet system. Though this was never an dispatchicially declared reform, it c ame course with the institution of content Populism.Under the Ottoman sultanate, members of minority groups existed in humble autonomous settlements within the empire called millets, normally classified according to their professed religion. However, since Kemalist ideology in effect desire equality among all citizen groups, this naturally extended to those of different religious creeds. Under the new laws, which applied to everyone, the legal expulsions made for Christians and Jews in the millet system became obsolete, and eventually they ceased to exist altogether (Volkan 319).Though not master copyly in the constitution, the principle Arrow of Secularism came to be one of the most influential bases of the Turkish Republic (Reisman 7). The modern idea of Secularism is a lie with separation of Church and invoke, in which uncomplete institution is involved in influencing the other. Kemalist Secularism, on the other hand, is concerned primarily with placing the State above t he Church. Kemal sought not only to keep the influence of Islam and the ulema out of jokesters new presidency body, except to give the ruling junto the power and authority to regulate and smother Islamic ideologies.This is not to say that Kemal was anti-religion. Kemalism patently seek to confine religious passion to the private sector. The earliest and most forceful implementation of this principle was seen in the diarrhea of the Sunni Caliphate. While separating the political authority of the sultan and the aspectual rule of the Caliphate ca using upd Kemal to be annunciate as a champion of Islam, such cheers of heroism would be silenced once he revealed his plan to dissolve the Caliphate as well. He would justify this by once again explaining that, after the reign of the FourRightly Guided Ones, the reliable Caliphate had ended, worthy a tool of the nation (Hanioglu 151). Though Kemal professed to impose this reform for the saki of Islam, it is far more likely tha t his motivations were anticlerical. Considering the loaded mass(p) influence that the ulema had on the former Ottoman Empire, Kemals choice to uncase the Caliphate came from a desire to secure power in the secular government without incertitude from a higher religious authority (Davison 138). In addition to this, Kemal closed down the madrasas in 1924, replacing them with secular schools, and in 1925 banned all Sufi orphic lodges.While some claim that these efforts were attempts at make religion face obsolete, it is far more likely that Kemal did this to keep loyalties in order. Since the idea of Turkish Nationalism was still middling new, Kemal bringed to suppress religious inspiration so that the populace would be perpetrate to the soil first, and their faith second (Hanioglu 155). Added on base Secularism, the next of the Six Arrows is Revolutionism, the motives for which can trump out be summed up in a quote from Kemal himself The aim of the revolutions which we r e now accomplishing is to bring the people of the Turkish Republic into a state of society solo modern in spirit and from. This is the telephone exchange pillar of our Revolution (qtd. in Davison 87). scorn its etymological implications, Revolutionism in the Kemalist sense is intend to be completely peaceful. Some realize the term inkilapcilik, use in the Turkish constitution, as Reformism, in order to hold the concept from the violence associated with the historical idea of revolution. Revolutionism as a Kemalist ideology entirely means the modernization, and, in the case of Turkey, the occidentalization of the realm (Parla 92-93).One of the most significant reforms in this field of honor was the state enforced usance of surnames. While this whitethorn not seem very progressive to western cultures, the Ottoman Empire existed for centuries without the usage of family names. With the introduction of this practice, the government was able to organize documents far more effic iently. Whereas before, governments had to allow in names of ones get under ones skin and mother as well as significant personal information to secernate someone, the usage of a family surname made people far more trenchant on paper. This reform was enforced just by the ban on usage of traditional titles such as pacha r Efendi, which gave a description of ones status. Instead, men were force to use Bay and women had to use Bayan, which were respective Turkish equivalents for Mister and Miss (Mango 498-99). Though seemingly less significant to western audiences, the Hat righteousness of 1925 brought about a change towards Revolutionism in a way that was not only profound, but visually noticeable. Under this new law, government turnedicials were required to wear western style hats, while traditional headgear, such as the fez or turban, was banned. In the Ottoman Empire, one of the distinguishing features of class could be seen in the headgear that one donned.The turban was a ha t which only the ulema, or religious scholars could wear. The fez, on the other hand, was worn by civil servants of the empire, eventually becoming a feature that westerners began to associate solely with the Oriental idea of the Ottoman Empire. Kemal used the Hat Law of 1925 to ban these twain types of hats, not only because they inspired sequestration between difference national classes, but because he tangle a infrangible need to break all ties with the previous(prenominal) empire, intending Turkey to become a modern western nation in spirit (Aksin 202-04).Perhaps as secondant to Kemalist ideology as the idea of Secularism, if not more so, is the Arrow of Nationalism. Unlike the western concept of Nationalism, which is concerned with the geo-political superiority of ones state, Kemalism sought to promote Turkish Nationalism through the countrys own sexual morality as an individual nation. While the European jingoistic regimes of Napoleon or Hitler attempted to further th eir states through imperialistic conquest, Kemal saw no need to expand Turkeys borders, kinda focusing on bolstering pride in being a member of what he saw to be a portentous race (Aksin 230).Kemal hoped to establish an identity for the Turkish people, who, until this point, had never had a true mother country of their own. After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire into French and British mandates cut off most of the empires Arab citizens, the be population was almost entirely Turkish, with the exception of a small Kurdish office (Hanioglu 133). In order to set up this new identity, Kemal set about perpetration a number of scholastic reforms of Turkish society. He began this by heading the idea known as the Turkish account statement Thesis. After founding the Society for the trial run of Turkish History n 1931, Kemal recruited famous archeologists and historians such as Eugene Pittard, and formed a theory proclaiming the Turks as the original cultivate race. They claimed that since Trojans and Greeks were racially similar and Trojans came from Anatolia, the Trojans were descendants of the original Turks. Likewise, when ancient Turkish society, which these historians believed came from Central Asia, began to migrate, they founded the Sumerian and Hittite Empires and began to help in the culture of other primitive civilizations, such as the Chinese and Indians (164-170).Yet as extensive as Kemals attempts at forming the Turkish History Thesis were, they did not accomplish the realistic advantages that his expression reform did. This began in 1928 with the state enforced switch from the Arab-Persian script to a Latin base alphabet, which Kemal believed more fit to the Turkish language. He furthered this idea by commissioning scholars to discover what they deemed pure Turkish vocabulary, derived from words and phrases used in Turkish speech but not in other languages.Soon after, these scholars developed the Sun- delivery Theory, which, based off o f similarities between Turkish and other human race languages, claimed that Turkish was the first spoken language (Mango 494-95). Though this theory lacked legitimate evidence, it justify borrowing words for the new state ap developd form of Turkish, as through this view all words developed from an original Turkish language. Soon after the language the development of the new exemplification Turkish, translations of many of the nations important documents, such as the constitution and Kemals Great Speech were translated.It would take a number of years for the new form to be used fluently by the people, however these efforts were sped by state issued air pocket Ottoman-Turkish dictionaries (Hanioglu 171-79). Finally, Kemalist ideology is also defined by the Arrow of Statism, or Etatism. This is the idea of modernizing in terms of economic and technological advances. A major part of Kemalist Statism is the governments active role in guiding the sparing. That is not to say that Stat ism is completely anti-capitalist. On the contrary, Kemalism supports the idea of personal property and free enterprise when it benefits the people.However, for the most part, the ideal Kemalist government is one that is heavily involved in the regulation of such commerce (Parla 125). The first attempt at government managed economy was the nationalization of foreign commerce. This was done for a number of reasons. First, Kemal wanted to establish ties with foreign, generally European nations in an attempt towards westernization and expansionism. Since Kemal based most of his models for his new nation off of preexisting European ones, he felt that relations with such nation would prove to be a useful tool.Ironically, Kemals other reason for nationalized foreign coronation was to prevent such expansionism in the other direction. With World War I still only a short time behind them, most of the world had eyeball on Turkey. Foreign powers could easily turn investment in the public s ector of the Turkish people into a span for imperialism. Thus, to prevent such threats from coming to fruition, the Turkish government sponsored services including electricity, water distribution, docks, and feature instillations, starting in the early 1920s.This not only helped Turkey provide for the necessities of its people, but gave them a strong economic beachhead in the years of the Great Depression. Among these new government funded resources, there was a grown emphasis on the construction of railroads. origination in 1923, new railway lines spanning over 3,350 kilometers were constructed. This focus on railway expansion was due to the limited resources owned by the state. Trains ran on steam engines, fueled by coal, which was an abundant natural resource in Turkey.While many other nations focused on expanding motorways during this period, this would have caused a need to import petrol from foreign nations, making Turkey economically dependent on countries able to provid e such fuel (Aksin 223-24). Mustafa Kemal keep to implement his idealistic reforms until his death in 1938. Despite never being able to establish Turkey as a nation that completely embodied his ideology, he left behind a bequest by which he is revered to this day. driveway corners and government establishments are still adorn with his image, in honor of his great achievements.It is safe to say that had it not been for his efforts at reform, Turkey would never have risen to its current place in the modern world. It is possible that it may never have even existed without him. In conclusion, one may realize that many of Ataturks reforms seem to fall under more than one of his Six Arrows. The establishment of a single party, made up of representatives from all classes fulfills the Republican requirements of the new government, while assuring that the populist voice of the people will be heard.Ataturks language reforms were not only revolutionist, completely reorganizing the old Ott oman lingual structure, but helped establish a Nationalist identity through the Sun Language Theory. One can only understand what Kemal did for Turkey by understanding that the Six Arrows of Kemalism were guidelines by which Ataturk devised new laws for the new Turkish Republic guidelines which compliment and fulfill each other guidelines devoted to the progress of the Republic of Turkey. Works Cited Aksin, Sina. Turkey From Empire to Revolutionary Republic. Washington Square, NY spick-and-span York UP, 2007. Davison, Andrew.Secularism and Revivalism in Turkey A Hermeneutic Reconsideration. New oasis Yale UP, 1998. Hanioglu, M. Sukru. Ataturk An Intellectual Biography. Princeton Princeton UP, 2011. Mango, Andrew. Ataturk. Woodstock, NY Overlook, 2002. Parla, Taha, and Andrew Davison. Corporatist Ideology in Kemalist Turkey Progress or Order? siege of Syracuse, NY Syracuse UP, 2004. Reisman, Arnold. Turkeys Modernization Refugees from Nazism and Ataturks Vision. Washington, DC N ew Academia Publ. , LLC, 2006. Volkan, Vamik D. , and Norman Itzkowitz. The Immortal Ataturk A Psychobiography. Chicago University of Chicago, 1986.